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Lawyer's Code of Ethics

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Representing the Law Profession

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Lawyers should act in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity and efficiency of the legal profession. Example: A lawyer avoiding any actions that could bring disrepute to the legal field.

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Confidentiality

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Lawyers must keep information relating to the representation of a client private unless the client gives informed consent. Example: An attorney refusing to disclose client communications to a third party.

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Pro Bono Work

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Lawyers should aspire to render pro bono publico (for the public good) legal services. Example: An attorney offering legal services to a non-profit organization without charge.

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Respect for Legal Process

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Lawyers should demonstrate respect for the legal process and for those who serve it, including judges, other lawyers, and public officials. Example: A lawyer refraining from filing frivolous claims to manipulate the legal process.

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Client-Lawyer Relationship

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The relationship between a lawyer and a client is based on trust, and the lawyer must work in the best interest of the client. Example: A lawyer putting the client's interests before their own, avoiding any conflict of interests.

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Candor Toward the Tribunal

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Lawyers must not deceive or knowingly make false statements to a tribunal or fail to correct false statements made by others. Example: An attorney correcting false information previously submitted to the court.

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Diligence

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A lawyer should act with reasonable diligence and promptness in representing a client. Example: An attorney consistently meeting deadlines and giving a case the attention it requires.

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Conflict of Interest

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Lawyers must avoid situations where a conflict of interest may arise, either between a lawyer and a client or between multiple clients. Example: An attorney declining to represent two parties who have opposing interests in the same legal matter.

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Advertising

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Lawyers' advertisements must be truthful and not misleading. They are prohibited from making false or unsubstantiated claims about their services. Example: An attorney's advertisement based entirely on verifiable past successes without exaggerations.

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Communication

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Lawyers must keep clients reasonably informed about the status of their case and promptly comply with reasonable requests for information. Example: A lawyer providing regular case updates to the client without being prompted.

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Meritorious Claims and Contentions

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Lawyers must only make claims or contentions that are warranted by existing law or by a non-frivolous argument for altering the existing laws. Example: A lawyer not bringing forth a claim that has no basis in fact or law.

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Advocate

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As an advocate, a lawyer zealously asserts the client's position under the rules of the adversary system. Example: A defense attorney diligently defending their client in court with proper facts and legal arguments.

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Improper Influence

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Lawyers must not seek to influence judges, jurors, public officials, or other parties inappropriately. Example: An attorney not offering any personal benefits to a juror for a favorable decision.

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Responsibilities regarding non-lawyer assistants

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Lawyers must ensure that their non-lawyer employees or contractors act in accordance with the professional obligations of the lawyer. Example: A lawyer training their paralegals on the confidentiality rules of client information.

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Fees

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A lawyer's fee must be reasonable and clearly communicated to the client. Lawyers are not allowed to charge exorbitant fees or to take advantage of clients. Example: A lawyer explaining their billing rates and methods before starting to work for a client.

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Competence

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Lawyers should provide competent representation to a client. Competent representation requires the legal knowledge, skill, thoroughness, and preparation reasonably necessary for the representation. Example: A lawyer spending numerous hours staying current on case law to properly represent a client.

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Impartiality and Decorum of the Tribunal

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Lawyers should maintain the respect due to courts and judicial officers. Example: An attorney addressing the court in a respectful manner and adhering to court protocols.

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Trial Publicity

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Lawyers must manage trial publicity to prevent prejudicing court proceedings. They are restricted from making comments that can materially affect the fairness of a trial. Example: An attorney avoiding any media statements that speculate on the outcome of an ongoing trial.

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Fairness to Opposing Party and Counsel

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Lawyers must treat their legal opponents and their counsel with respect and fairness. Example: An attorney not taking unfair advantage of an opposing lawyer's mistake.

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Transactions with Persons Other Than Clients

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Lawyers should deal honestly with non-clients and should not knowingly participate in a transaction that is fraudulent, deceptive, or involves misrepresentation. Example: An attorney ensuring full disclosure and honesty during a business transaction involving non-clients.

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Independence from Clients

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While representing a client's interests, lawyers must maintain professional independence and not let their judgment be influenced by the client. Example: A lawyer declining to carry out a client's demand that is contrary to law or ethical rules.

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Reporting Professional Misconduct

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Lawyers have an obligation to report other lawyers or themselves when they know of a violation of the professional conduct rules that raises a substantial question of honesty, trustworthiness, or fitness as a lawyer. Example: An attorney reporting another lawyer's unethical practice that compromises a client's case.

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