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Frobenius Method

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y+2xy+y=0y'' + \frac{2}{x}y' + y = 0 (Modified Bessel's Equation)

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Step 1: Express the solution as a power series: y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Substitute into the differential equation and match powers of xx. Step 3: Find the indicial equation and solve it for rr. Step 4: Use the resulting recursion relation to find ana_n. Series solution: y(x)=xrn=0anxny(x) = x^r \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^n, with ana_n calculated from the recursion formula.

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x2yxy+(x214)y=0x^2y'' - xy' + (x^2 - \frac{1}{4})y = 0 (Bessel's Equation of Order 1/2)

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Step 1: Assume a power series solution y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Calculate derivatives and substitute into the given equation. Step 3: Obtain the indicial equation and solve for rr. Step 4: Apply recurrence relation to determine the coefficients ana_n. Series solution: y(x)=xr(a0+a1x+a2x2+...)y(x) = x^{r}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + ...) for the values of rr that satisfy the indicial equation.

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x2y+xyy=0x^2y'' + xy' - y = 0

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Step 1: Assume a power series solution y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Calculate derivatives and substitute into the given equation. Step 3: Determine indicial equation by considering the lowest powers of x. Step 4: Find the coefficients ana_n using a recursion formula. Series solution: y(x)=(a0+a1x+...)xry(x) = (a_0 + a_1x + ... )x^r where rr is a root of the indicial equation.

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y2xy+(12x2)y=0y'' - \frac{2}{x}y' + (1 - \frac{2}{x^2})y = 0

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Step 1: Assume y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Derive yy' and yy'' and plug into the equation. Step 3: Formulate indicial equation and find the values of rr. Step 4: Obtain coefficients using the recurrence formula. Final series solution: y(x)=(a0+a1x+...)xry(x) = (a_0 + a_1x + ... )x^r where rr is found from the indicial equation.

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y+12xx(1x)y+3x(1x)y=0y'' + \frac{1 - 2x}{x(1-x)}y' + \frac{3}{x(1-x)}y = 0

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Step 1: Write the power series solution as y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Substitute the series into the equation and align the terms by powers of xx. Step 3: Derive the indicial equation and determine root rr. Step 4: Find the coefficients through the recursive relationship. Solution: y(x)=xr(a0+a1x+a2x2+...)y(x) = x^{r}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + ...), with ana_n found using the recursion relation.

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x2y2xy+2y=0x^2y'' - 2xy' + 2y = 0 (Euler-Cauchy Equation)

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Step 1: Formulate y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Differentiate and plug the series into the DE. Step 3: Indicial equation is found by setting the lowest power of xx to zero. Step 4: Use the recursive relationship for ana_n to find each term. Solution: Series y(x)=a0xr+a1xr+1+...y(x) = a_0x^r + a_1x^{r+1} + ..., with ana_n from recursion.

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x2y+(1x)yy=0x^2y'' + (1-x)y' - y = 0

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Step 1: Write y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Substitute the series for yy, yy', and yy'' into the equation. Step 3: Calculate the indicial equation and solve for rr. Step 4: Use the recurrence relation for ana_n to define all coefficients. Series solution: y(x)=xr(a0+a1x+a2x2+...)y(x) = x^r(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + ...), and coefficients are determined by the recursion.

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y+54x2y=0y'' + \frac{5}{4x^2}y = 0

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Step 1: Suggest y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Insert the series representation of yy and its derivatives into the DE. Step 3: Use the fact that coefficients of each power of xx must independently vanish to find the indicial equation. Step 4: Solve for the coefficients using the resulting recursive relationship. Solution: y(x)=xr(a0+a1x+a2x2+...)y(x) = x^{r}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + ...) where the recursion determines ana_n.

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2xy+3yxy=02xy'' + 3y' - xy = 0

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Step 1: Assume a series solution: y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Substitute yy, yy', and yy'' from the series into the DE. Step 3: Find the indicial equation and solve. Step 4: Calculate the coefficients using the recursion given by the DE. Series solution: y(x)=xr(a0+a1x+a2x2+...)y(x) = x^{r}(a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + ...) where the ana_n's follow the recursive formula.

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y+xyy=0y'' + xy' - y = 0

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Step 1: Assume a series form: y(x)=n=0anxn+ry(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_nx^{n+r}. Step 2: Plug in yy and its derivatives from the series into the DE. Step 3: Solve the indicial equation for the possible rr values. Step 4: Derive the recursive formula for coefficients from the DE. Result: Series y(x)=a0xr+a1xr+1+...y(x) = a_0x^r + a_1x^{r+1} + ..., determined by the ana_n recursion.

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