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Perturbation Methods for Differential Equations

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Perturbed harmonic oscillator: d2ydt2+ω2y=ϵty\frac{d^2y}{dt^2} + \omega^2 y = \epsilon t y

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Express y(t)y(t) as a series y(t)=y0(t)+ϵy1(t)+ϵ2y2(t)+y(t) = y_0(t) + \epsilon y_1(t) + \epsilon^2 y_2(t) + \cdots and solve for y0y_0, y1y_1, etc.

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Boundary layer problem: ϵd2ydx2+(1x)dydx+y=0\epsilon \frac{d^2y}{dx^2} + (1 - x)\frac{dy}{dx} + y = 0

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Assume a solution of y(x)=y0(x)+ϵy1(x)+ϵy2(x)+y(x) = y_0(x) + \sqrt{\epsilon} y_1(x) + \epsilon y_2(x) + \cdots and solve for each term.

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Perturbed linear growth: dydt=ry+ϵy2\frac{dy}{dt} = r y + \epsilon y^2

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Expand the solution as y(t)=y0(t)+ϵy1(t)+ϵ2y2(t)+y(t) = y_0(t) + \epsilon y_1(t) + \epsilon^2 y_2(t) + \cdots and solve subsequently.

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Duffing equation: d2xdt2+xϵx3=0\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + x - \epsilon x^3 = 0

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Write x(t)=x0(t)+ϵx1(t)+x(t) = x_0(t) + \epsilon x_1(t) + \cdots and find equations for x0(t)x_0(t) and x1(t)x_1(t) by equating powers of ϵ\epsilon.

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Perturbed wave equation: d2udt2c2d2udx2=ϵu2\frac{d^2u}{dt^2} - c^2 \frac{d^2u}{dx^2} = -\epsilon u^2

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Develop a solution expansion as u(x,t)=u0(x,t)+ϵu1(x,t)+ϵ2u2(x,t)+u(x,t) = u_0(x,t) + \epsilon u_1(x,t) + \epsilon^2 u_2(x,t) + \cdots and solve order by order.

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Weakly nonlinear pendulum: d2θdt2+sin(θ)=0\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2} + \sin(\theta) = 0

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Introduce a small angle assumption to linearize the sine term, with sin(θ)θϵ6θ3\sin(\theta) \approx \theta - \frac{\epsilon}{6}\theta^3, and solve using the perturbative series.

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Anharmonic oscillator: d2xdt2+x+ϵx3=0\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} + x + \epsilon x^3 = 0

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Assume a solution of the form x(t)=x0(t)+ϵx1(t)+ϵ2x2(t)+x(t) = x_0(t) + \epsilon x_1(t) + \epsilon^2 x_2(t) + \cdots and solve for each order of ϵ\epsilon.

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Van der Pol's oscillator: d2xdt2μ(1x2)dxdt+x=0\frac{d^2x}{dt^2} - \mu(1 - x^2)\frac{dx}{dt} + x = 0

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Use a small parameter ϵ\epsilon to write μ=ϵ\mu = \epsilon and expand x(t)x(t) as x=x0(t)+ϵx1(t)+x = x_0(t) + \epsilon x_1(t) + \cdots.

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