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Da Capo instructs the conductor to return to the beginning of the piece, which affects the interpretation and the piece's overall timing.

Staccato marks, shown as dots above or below notes, signify short, detached notes. Conductors articulate these notes with clear, precise gestures.

Fine marks the end of the piece, or the end of a section when used with D.C. or D.S. It tells the conductor when the piece is to be concluded.

Dynamics, such as piano or forte, indicate the loudness or softness with which music is to be played. Conductors use these markings to shape the music's expressiveness.

The key signature at the beginning of the staff specifies which notes are to be played sharp or flat throughout the piece. This helps conductors ensure consistent intonation and interpretation.

A fermata tells the conductor to hold a note or rest longer than its written value. It is up to the conductor to decide the length of the pause for dramatic effect.

Dal Segno directs the conductor to return to a specific sign (segno) within the piece, influencing the order in which sections are played.

Legato, indicated by a curved line connecting notes, tells musicians to play in a smooth, connected manner. The conductor's gestures become fluid and continuous to reflect this.

Repeat signs instruct the conductor to repeat a section of music, which is essential for understanding the structure and form.

The F clef indicates where the note F below middle C is on the staff. It is crucial for conductors when reading lower-pitched instruments like bassoon, cello, and tuba.

A crescendo, often marked with a hairpin opening to the right, instructs musicians to gradually increase volume, guided by the conductor's gestures.

Articulation marks, such as staccato, legato, and accent, specify how a note or a series of notes should be played. Conductors physically interpret these articulations to the orchestra.

The segno is a sign that indicates a specific place to return to when following a D.S. instruction. It helps conductors navigate the roadmap of the piece.

Tempo markings, e.g., 'Allegro' or 'Adagio', signal the speed at which a piece should be played. Conductors use these to set the initial tempo and make adjustments.

The C clef indicates where middle C is located on the staff. Its position changes in alto and tenor clefs, important for instruments like viola, or when tenor vocal parts are notated.

A tie, similar to a slur but connecting notes of the same pitch, indicates that the notes should be played as one sustained note. The conductor should ensure a seamless connection.

Double bar lines indicate the end of a section or the conclusion of the piece. It alerts the conductor to transitions or the finale.

An accent, denoted by a > shape above a note, calls for a stronger attack on the note. Conductors emphasize these notes to highlight their significance within a phrase.

A metronome marking provides an exact beats per minute rate, which the conductor uses to find the precise tempo for the piece.

A coda is a concluding passage that provides the final statement of the music. Conductors lead the ensemble into this last section, often after a D.C. or D.S.

Tenuto, indicated by a horizontal line above the note, signifies that a note should be held to its full value, possibly slightly longer. Conductors give a sustained, focused gesture to these notes.

The G clef establishes where the note G above middle C is on the staff. Conductors use this to identify the pitch for sopranos and instruments like the flute, oboe, and violin.

The time signature indicates the number of beats per measure and the note value that gets one beat. It guides the conductor in setting the proper tempo and beat pattern.

Bar lines divide the staff into measures, helping the conductor keep track of the music's structure and maintain steady pacing.