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Revival of interest in Baroque music in the 20th and 21st centuries; Historically informed performances; Use of period instruments.

Emphasizes clarity, balance, and form; Expansion of the orchestra; Use of sonata-allegro form.

Revival of classical forms and styles within a modern context; Clarity and order; Emphasis on chamber music textures within orchestral works.

Focus on emotion and individualism; Larger orchestras with a wider range of instruments; Use of leitmotifs.

Characteristics include repetition and gradual change; Sparse textures and consonant harmonies; Focus on simplicity and process.

Uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements; Based on twelve-tone technique; Highly structured and pre-determined composition.

Music where some element of the composition is left to chance; Use of indeterminacy; Performers have some role in shaping the music.

Characterized by complex forms, counterpoint, and ornamentation; Harpsichord continuo often present; Homophonic texture and terraced dynamics.

Incorporation of folk tunes, rhythms, and styles from a composer's home country; Pride in national identity; Often used to distinguish their music from dominant styles.

Uses intervals smaller than the traditional semitone; Explores pitches between the Western chromatic scale; Requires special instruments or tuning systems.

Characterized by a break from traditional harmony and forms; Emphasis on innovation and expression; Often includes atonality and complex rhythms.

Uses timbre and atmosphere to evoke moods and imagery; Ambiguous tonality and extended harmonies; Unusual orchestration for color.

A dramatic stage work that combines music, singing, and sometimes dance; Orchestra plays in the pit; Complex interactions between soloists, chorus, and orchestra.

Primarily consists of wind and percussion instruments; Repertoire ranging from transcriptions to original works; Emphasis on tone balance, dynamics, and articulation.

A blend of classical and modern styles with an exploration of new techniques; Can include electronic elements; Wide range of aesthetics and not tied to any one set of characteristics.

Incorporates electronic sound production into classical genres; Use of amplified instruments and sound processing; Often includes synthesized sounds.

Combines the symphony orchestra with a choir; Can be based on literary works or religious texts; Rich in texture and often monumental in scale.

Designed to serve the narrative of a film; Leitmotifs to represent characters or ideas; Incorporates various styles depending on the film's setting and era.

Focuses on the acoustic properties of sound; Explores the spectrum of tones that make up musical notes; Often involves computer analysis of sound spectra.