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MIDI Basics

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MIDI Controller

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A device that sends MIDI signals to a MIDI-enabled device to trigger sounds and control parameters. Often takes the form of keyboard, but can also be drum pads, guitar-style controllers, wind controllers, and more.

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Velocity

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A MIDI message value that represents how hard a key is pressed or a note is hit, corresponding to the dynamics of the note being played.

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Control Change (CC)

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MIDI messages that indicate a change in a control value, such as modulation wheel, volume, pan, and other parameters, allowing for expressive control of sound during performance or editing.

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Program Change

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A MIDI message that triggers a change in the preset or patch (instrument sound) on a synthesizer or in software, enabling performers to switch instruments quickly during performance.

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MIDI Message

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A digital signal that represents musical information and control data in the MIDI communication protocol. It can communicate note on/off, control changes, program changes, and more.

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MIDI Keyboard

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A type of MIDI controller resembling a piano keyboard, which sends MIDI messages to trigger notes and control sound parameters on a synthesizer or in digital audio workstation software.

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MIDI Interface

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A hardware device or software that manages the input and output of MIDI data between MIDI instruments and computers.

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Polyphonic Aftertouch

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A MIDI feature that provides aftertouch data for individual keys, allowing for independent modulation of notes, rather than the global aftertouch that affects all keys.

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MIDI

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Musical Instrument Digital Interface, a technical standard that describes a protocol, digital interface, and connectors to connect a wide variety of electronic musical instruments, computers, and other related devices for playing, editing, and recording music.

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MIDI Mapping

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The process of assigning specific MIDI messages (from controllers or other sources) to control elements within software or a device so that these elements respond to the MIDI data.

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Aftertouch

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A MIDI message that communicates additional pressure applied to keys after they have been struck, allowing for continued modulation of a note's parameters.

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SysEx (System Exclusive)

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A type of MIDI message that allows for the transmission of device-specific data. Typically used for patch data dumps, device settings, and other manufacturer-specific information.

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Note On/Off

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MIDI messages that tell a synthesizer when a note should start (Note On) and stop (Note Off). These messages include information about the note number and velocity (how hard the note is played).

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Pitch Bend

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A MIDI control message that causes the pitch of the currently playing notes to bend up or down. The amount of pitch change can vary depending on the receiving instrument's settings.

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MIDI Channel

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One of sixteen possible data streams over which MIDI devices can communicate, with each channel carrying messages for one musical part or instrument.

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MIDI Time Code (MTC)

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A MIDI protocol used to synchronize audio, video, and other media across various MIDI-enabled devices, ensuring that all parts align in time.

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MIDI Clock

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A signal that communicates tempo information between MIDI devices to synchronize their tempo-based effects or sequences.

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MIDI Thru

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A type of MIDI port that outputs an exact copy of the data received at the MIDI In port, allowing for the daisy-chaining of multiple MIDI devices.

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General MIDI (GM)

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An extension of the MIDI standard that ensures consistent performance on all GM-compatible devices by standardizing instrument patch maps and behavior.

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MIDI Sequencer

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A device or software application used to record, edit, and play back MIDI data in a sequential manner, enabling complex composition and control over multiple channels of MIDI information.

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