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Theater Sound and Lighting Basics

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Gain

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The level of amplification applied to an audio signal. In theater sound systems, adjusting the gain properly is crucial to maintain audio clarity and avoid feedback.

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Fresnel

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A type of soft-edged spotlight that is good for area coverage and can be easily focused from a wide to a narrow beam. Used commonly for general wash in theater lighting.

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Dimmer

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A device used to lower the intensity of lights. In theater, dimmer racks are used to control the level of light emitted by the fixtures.

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Go Button

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The control on a lighting or sound console that executes the next cue when pressed. In theater, the 'Go Button' is essential for running cue sequences during a performance.

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Amplifier

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An electronic device used to increase the power, voltage, or current of a signal. In theatre, amplifiers are key for driving loudspeakers to provide sound for the audience.

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Subwoofer

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A speaker designed specifically to reproduce low-pitched audio frequencies known as bass. Subwoofers enhance the sound experience in theaters, especially for music and sound effects.

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Follow Spot

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A powerful, mobile spotlight used to follow actors as they move across the stage. It requires an operator to track the movement.

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Lavalier Microphone

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A small, discrete microphone that can be clipped onto clothing. Often used in theater to amplify actors' voices without being intrusive.

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Crossfade

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Transitioning smoothly from one lighting or sound cue to another. In theater, crossfades are used to change scenes without abrupt changes in the lighting or sound levels.

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Gel

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A thin colored plastic sheet placed over a spotlight to change the color of the light emitted. Also known as lighting filters, gels are essential for creating atmospheres on stage.

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Barn Doors

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An attachment for a theater light that consists of moveable metal flaps to control where the light beam goes and to prevent it from spilling into areas where it's not wanted.

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Condenser Microphone

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A type of microphone with a wide frequency response and high sensitivity, ideal for capturing detailed sound, often used in theaters for picking up ambient sounds or unamplified voices.

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LED (Light-Emitting Diode)

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A light source that is energy-efficient and can produce a variety of colors without gels. LEDs are becoming popular in theater for their versatility and low heat output.

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Sound Board

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Also known as a mixing console or mixer, this is a device that combines, routes, and changes the level, tone, and dynamics of audio signals. It is the central component in controlling theater sound.

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Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR)

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A type of stage light with a parabolic (bowl-shaped) reflector that directs the light in a more focused beam. PAR cans are often used when a broad wash of light is needed.

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Ellipsoidal

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A type of spotlight with a strong, well-defined beam, often equipped with shutters and a gobo slot. It is useful for precisely lighting actors or set pieces in theatres.

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Gobo

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A stencil or template placed inside or in front of a light source to control the shape of the emitted light. In theatre, gobos can project patterns, shapes, and even scenery.

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Intelligent Lighting

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Advanced lighting fixtures with automated or computer-controlled capabilities, such as moving heads, color changing, and pattern projection, used to add dynamic effects to theater productions.

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Cue

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A signal for an action to be carried out at a specific time during a performance. Cues usually apply to both sound and lighting changes.

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XLR Connector

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A type of electrical connector primarily used in professional audio, video, and stage lighting equipment. XLR connectors are known for their reliability and balanced audio signal capabilities.

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