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A consequentialist theory that asserts the best action is the one that maximizes utility, usually defined as that which produces the greatest well-being of the greatest number. Originated by Jeremy Bentham.

An ethical theory developed by Immanuel Kant that proposes an action is morally right if it is in accordance with a moral rule or principle, regardless of the outcome or consequence.

Centered on the idea that one should strive to achieve a character endowed with virtues. Originally conceptualized by Aristotle.

A normative ethical theory that posits the pursuit of one's own self-interest is the only way to act ethically. Frequently associated with the philosopher Ayn Rand.

The moral and political theory that construes morality and justice as the outcome of a social contract. Thomas Hobbes is known for this theory, especially in his work 'Leviathan'.

An ethical theory that emphasizes the role of caring and empathy in moral judgment and action. Carol Gilligan and Nel Noddings are prominent advocates.

A theory asserting that very nature of humans and the world provides an inherent ethical framework. Thomas Aquinas is a key figure in classical natural law theory.

Centered on the belief that individuals are free and responsible to create their own morality through authentic choices. Jean-Paul Sartre was a key existentialist thinker.

A theory that suggests moral principles are valid only relative to specific cultures or individual preferences, with no absolute truth in ethics.

An ethical theory that posits the morality of an action is entirely dependent on the will or laws of God. Famous proponents include Augustine of Hippo.

A family of ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.

Developed by Immanuel Kant, it is a deontological ethical theory which argues that the morally right action is the one done in accordance with the categorical imperative.

An ethical theory believing that pleasure is the only intrinsic good. Epicurus is often associated with hedonism due to his belief in seeking long-term pleasure.

An ancient Greek philosophy teaching the development of self-control and fortitude as a means to overcome destructive emotions; considered by some as a precursor to modern virtue ethics.

An approach to ethics that is focused on the ways traditional ethical theories perpetuate male dominance and aims to reconsider and revalue women’s moral experience.

An ethical perspective that extends the traditional boundaries of ethics to include non-human life forms and the environment. Aldo Leopold's 'land ethic' is an example.

An ethical and philosophical school that evaluates theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. Associated with Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey.

A Christian ethical theory that posits the most important ethical factor is 'agape', or love. Joseph Fletcher argued that situational variables are crucial to ethical decisions.

A normative ethical theory that prescribes individuals to act in their own self-interest. Prominent advocates include Ayn Rand.

A political and ethical theory that advocates for the abolition of all governmental authority and all coercive institutions, asserting they are inherently unethical.

An ethical theory proposing that moral judgments are merely expressions of our feelings or attitudes, and that ethical statements do not correspond to any objective moral facts.

An ethical theory suggesting that moral truths are known intuitively. G.E. Moore was a famous proponent of this theory in his Principia Ethica.

The view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others.

A concept within virtue ethics which suggests that virtues are relative and what is considered virtuous in one culture might not be in another.