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Altruism in parenting can be explained through the concept of inclusive fitness.

Parental investment theory suggests that parents allocate resources to maximize the reproductive success of their offspring.

From an evolutionary perspective, mate guarding is a strategy to ensure paternity certainty and protect investment in offspring.

Sexual selection influences parenting by contributing to the traits that make an individual more attractive for mating and parenting.

Parents and offspring can have conflicting evolutionary interests when it comes to resource allocation.

Kin selection theory explains why individuals may demonstrate altruistic behavior towards related offspring.

Sibling rivalry can be understood as competition for parental resources which are limited.

The Cinderella effect posits that stepparents may invest less in stepchildren, as they do not share genetic ties.

Evolutionary psychology suggests that parents may show favoritism based on the offspring's reproductive value.

Extended parental care is essential for species with offspring that require long-term development for survival.

The mother-infant bond has evolutionary roots in ensuring the infant's survival and successful rearing.

Evolutionary theories propose that paternal behaviors are influenced by the level of certainty of their genetic parenthood.

The helplessness of human offspring at birth is theorized to be an adaptive feature necessitating parental care.

Life history theory proposes that reproductive strategies, including parenting, are shaped by how energy is allocated.

Evolutionary psychology may explain the intergenerational transmission of behaviors, including maladaptive ones.

Evolutionary perspectives account for differences in risk-taking behaviors between mothers and fathers.

Evolutionary psychology offers explanations for why individuals may invest in genetically unrelated children through adoption.

Evolutionary psychology provides insights into the tragic phenomenon of infanticide in animals and humans.

Parents may exert influence over their offspring's mate choices to ensure the propagation of their genes.