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Process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring, shaping the evolution of species.

Patterns of mating behavior and the underlying evolutionary factors influencing them, such as monogamy, polygamy, and promiscuity.

Organisms evolve life cycles and reproductive strategies that determine allocation of energy for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.

The hypothesis that natural selection can act on the level of the group, versus individuals, selecting for traits beneficial to the group.

Competition between individuals of the same sex for mating opportunities or access to reproductive partners.

A system where individuals assist others in raising their offspring, effectively increasing the fitness of the group.

The allocations of available energy for metabolism, reproduction, and growth within an organism, affected by evolutionary pressures.

A behavioral phenotype that cannot be 'invaded' by any alternative strategy once it is established in a population.

A type of natural selection which maintains genetic diversity in a population by favoring the heterozygote genotype.

Mode of natural selection where typically members of one gender develop traits to attract members of the opposite gender, affecting reproductive success.

The increasing vulnerability to death and decreased reproductive capability in older organisms, explained by declining force of natural selection with age.

This theory states that parents are naturally selected to maximize their offspring's chance of survival, which involves trade-offs in the allocation of their resources.

Study of how social structure is influenced by environmental factors, affecting social behaviors and strategies within populations and species.

The investment parents make in their offspring that increases the chances of survival at the cost of parents' ability to invest in other areas.

The process by which organisms alter their own and each other's environments, often creating new selective pressures on themselves.

Strategy that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, potentially at the cost of the organism's own survival and reproduction.

Evolutionary adaptations that enable organisms to avoid detection, escape from predators, or otherwise manage their risk of predation.

An evolutionary conflict arising from diverging genetic interests of parents and their offspring.

Behavior where an organism acts in a way that temporarily reduces its fitness while increasing another organism's fitness, with the expectation of reciprocation.