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A process where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce, affecting the gene pool over time. Example: Humans with stronger immune systems are more likely to survive and pass on their genes.

A mode of natural selection where typically members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with, and compete with members of the same sex. Example: Human preferences for physical attractiveness may lead to mating preferences for healthy and fertile partners.

Competition within the same sex for access to mates. Example in human behavior: Men may compete with each other for the attention of a woman through displaying resources or strength.

Selection where individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex, often based on certain traits. Example in human behavior: Women may prefer men with signs of resources or status, which can be a signal of good genes or ability to provide.

A form of natural selection that favors the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. Example: The human behavior of altruism towards family members can be an expression of kin selection.

A proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual. Example: Humans cooperating in groups could have been favored if it improved the survival of the group despite individual sacrifices.

The intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits. In humans, example: Breeding of dogs for certain behaviors or appearances.

A type of selection where multiple alleles are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation. Example: Human blood types where different blood types have different advantages and disadvantages.

A mode of natural selection where an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes. In humans, this could manifest as a preference for taller height, leading to an increased average height over generations.

A type of selection that favors extreme values of a trait over intermediate values. Example in human behavior: Different social niches might favor either highly aggressive or highly cooperative strategies, with less success for those in the middle.

A type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value. An example could be human birth weight where both very high and very low weights are selected against.