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Spectroscopy involves the analysis of the spectra of light emitted, absorbed, or scattered by materials. In astronomy, it is used to determine the composition, temperature, density, and motion of celestial objects.

Astrometry is the branch of astronomy that deals with the measurement of the positions and movements of celestial bodies. It is crucial for establishing celestial coordinate systems, measuring proper motions, and parallax, leading to distance estimation.

Ultraviolet astronomy involves the observation and analysis of ultraviolet (UV) radiation from celestial sources. It is used to study high-energy processes not observable in visible light, such as the very hot surfaces of young stars.

X-ray astronomy is the study of astronomical objects at X-ray wavelengths. It's crucial for understanding phenomena such as X-ray binaries, active galactic nuclei, and supernova remnants, which are high-temperature, high-energy environments.

Photometry is the measurement of the flux or intensity of an astronomical object's electromagnetic radiation. It is used in astronomy to determine the brightness, distance, and composition of stars and other celestial bodies.

Infrared astronomy deals with the observation and analysis of infrared radiation (heat) from celestial objects. It's used to study objects obscured by dust, such as the center of galaxies or star-forming regions.

Radio astronomy is the observation of celestial objects that emit radio waves. It allows astronomers to study astronomical phenomena that are often invisible in other wavelengths, like cosmic microwave background radiation or interstellar gas clouds.