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The HST is a space-based observatory that has provided high-resolution images of celestial objects and has been a key tool for astronomical discoveries since its launch in 1990. Findings include the accurate determination of the rate of expansion of the universe.

Launched in 1989, COBE measured the diffuse infrared and microwave radiation from the early universe and provided evidence that supported the Big Bang theory. Its findings confirmed the black body form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation.

WMAP, launched in 2001, aimed to measure the temperature differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. The data provided by WMAP helped determine the age, composition, and curvature of the universe with improved precision.

Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter. Launched in 2011, it aims to understand Jupiter's origin and evolution, looking into its composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Juno is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, after the Galileo probe.

The JWST, launched in 2021, is an orbital infrared observatory that acts as the premier observatory of the next decade. It will study the formation of stars and planets, the evolution of galaxies, and the atmospheres of exoplanets, among other topics.

Kepler's mission was to search for Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of other stars. Operating from 2009 to 2018, it confirmed over 2,600 exoplanets using the transit method, observing the slight dimming of a star as a planet passes in front of it.

The Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, Curiosity, was launched in 2011 and has been exploring Mars' surface. Its goals include investigation of the Martian climate and geology, and assessment of whether the selected field site inside Gale Crater ever offered environmental conditions favorable for microbial life.

Chandra is a telescope specially designed to detect X-ray emission from very hot regions of the universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies, and matter around black holes. Since its launch in 1999, it has helped scientists gain a better understanding of the structure and evolution of the universe.

The LHC is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, located at CERN. It was instrumental in the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, confirming the existence of the Higgs field and helping to understand the origin of mass of subatomic particles.