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A type of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects. It's important because it is believed to compose about 85% of the total matter in the universe, influencing the structure and evolution of galaxies.

A pair of colliding galaxy clusters whose observation provided direct empirical evidence for the existence of dark matter. It's important because the separation of visible matter from mass (detected through gravitational lensing) supported the existence of dark matter over alternative gravity theories.

A hypothetical class of particles that are thought to be constituents of dark matter. They're important because they are a leading candidate for dark matter, though none have been detected yet, and would solve the missing mass problem in the universe.

The standard model of big bang cosmology that includes dark matter ('CDM' for 'Cold Dark Matter') and dark energy (represented by the Greek letter Lambda, $\Lambda$). It's important because it successfully explains the observed large-scale structure of the universe and cosmic microwave background anisotropies.

A mysterious form of energy permeating all of space, responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. It's important because it constitutes about 68% of the total energy in the universe and affects its long-term fate.