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Build the reef structure by secreting calcium carbonate; provide habitat for other marine species.

Symbiotic algae that provide energy to coral polyps through photosynthesis; help in coral growth and coloration.

Remove parasites and dead tissue from reef organisms; promote health and prevent disease outbreaks.

Play a role in bioerosion by scraping and digesting dead coral; their excretions help create sandy beaches.

Graze on seagrass beds and algae; help maintain the health of seagrass beds and coral reefs.

Apex predators that control fish populations and maintain balance in the reef ecosystem.

Filter feeders that clean water; provide habitat for small organisms and recycle nutrients.

Regulate species below them in the food chain; indicators of reef health.

Serve as nurseries for juvenile reef fish; protect against coastal erosion and filter water.

Provide a home and protection to clownfish and certain crab species; contribute to biodiversity.

Serve as food for a variety of reef species; provide shelter and nursery grounds.

Control algae growth on reefs; aid in keeping coral populations healthy.

Serve as a food source for higher trophic levels; keep the reef clean by scavenging.

Indicator species for monitoring reef health; predate on sponges, contributing to the balance of species.

Process by which nutrients are recycled in the ecosystem; vital for supporting food webs and productivity.

Occurs when corals expel symbiotic algae due to stress, which can lead to coral death; indicator of environmental changes.

Foundation of coral reefs built by polyps; provide physical structure for habitat and protect coastlines from waves and storms.

Important for carbon sequestration; stabilize the seabed and support a variety of marine life.

A predator of coral that can cause coral degradation if outbreaks occur; part of the natural balance but problematic in excess.