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Characterized by hardy pioneer species that are adapted to harsh conditions and can start the soil building process.

Characterized by the replacement of the pioneer species with more complex species that are better competitors for resources and space.

Takes place after an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species, and soil is already present; weeds and grasses are often the first to recolonize.

Soil forms as rocks weather and organic matter accumulates from the decay of pioneer species, eventually allowing for a greater variety of plant life.

A zone of transition between two biological communities, where two communities meet and integrate; it may have greater species diversity and density than any of the individual communities.

The variety and abundance of different species within an ecological community; tends to increase during succession as niches are created and filled.

The process by which new species migrate into an area during the stages of succession, bringing genetic diversity and new ecological relationships.

Begins on newly exposed surfaces with no soil; pioneer species like lichens and moss colonize the area, which eventually leads to soil formation and further ecological development.

Trigger succession by removing organisms and altering resource availability; examples include fires, hurricanes, and human activities.