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Uses the radioactive decay of $^{40}K$ to $^{40}Ar$ and $^{40}Ca$ to date minerals and rocks over tens of thousands to billions of years.

Detects unpaired electrons in crystalline structures that form over time as a result of natural radiation, applicable for dating up to a few million years.

Includes techniques like Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) to date the last time mineral grains were exposed to light or heat.

Determines the age of zircon crystals in rocks by measuring the ratio of uranium to lead; effective up to the age of the Earth (4.5 billion years).

Relies on the layering of sedimentary rocks to determine their relative ages; based on the principle that older layers are deposited first.

Counts the microscopic damage trails left by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238 in minerals to date them, useful for 100,000 to billions of years.

The study of tree ring growth patterns to date trees and interpret past climate conditions; can be accurate to the actual year.

Measures the conversion of L-amino acids to D-amino acids after an organism's death, applicable over tens of thousands to a few million years.

Measures the accumulated radiation damage in crystals to date when they were last heated or exposed to sunlight.