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Non-renewable resources are natural resources that cannot be replenished within a timescale relevant to human consumption. The economics of climate change involves managing the use of these resources and transitioning to sustainable alternatives to avert environmental and economic crises.

Renewable energy subsidies are financial incentives provided by governments to support the development and growth of renewable energy sources. These can lower the cost of clean energy and speed up the transition from fossil fuels, impacting the energy market and carbon emissions.

Carbon sequestration involves capturing and storing atmospheric CO2. Economically, it can provide new markets for carbon credits and enhance agricultural productivity through soil carbon storage, influencing land use and potentially leading to an alteration in commodity prices.

Externalities are costs or benefits of an activity that affect third parties and are not reflected in the cost of the goods or services involved. Climate change economics deals with negative externalities such as pollution, which are not accounted for in the market price.

A carbon tax is a fee imposed on the burning of carbon-based fuels. Economically, it's intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by increasing the cost of fossil fuels, thus encouraging alternative energy use and climate change mitigation.

Climate adaptation financing refers to funding allocated toward infrastructure and initiatives designed to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts. This financing is critical in enabling economies, especially those in developing regions, to adjust and prepare for changing climate conditions.

A low-carbon economy is characterized by minimal output of greenhouse gas emissions into the biosphere, especially CO2. Transitioning to a low-carbon economy involves significant changes to current energy, transportation and industrial systems, with potential for economic growth and innovation.

Emissions intensity refers to the amount of greenhouse gases produced per unit of economic activity. Reducing emissions intensity is crucial for achieving climate goals while maintaining economic growth, especially for energy-intensive industries.

Feed-in tariffs (FiTs) are policy mechanisms designed to accelerate investment in renewable energy technologies. They achieve this by offering long-term contracts to renewable energy producers, typically based on the cost of generation of each technology.

Cap and trade is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. A limit on emissions is set (the cap), and companies can trade emissions permits under this cap, creating a financial incentive to reduce emissions.

Carbon pricing is a method for incorporating the social costs of carbon emissions into market prices. It includes carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems and is aimed at reducing the reliance on fossil fuels and facilitating the transition to a low-carbon economy.

Clean technology refers to any process, product, or service that reduces negative environmental impacts through energy efficiency improvements, sustainable resource use, or environmental protection activities. The economic implications include new markets, job creation in new sectors, and technological innovation.

Energy efficiency practices are aimed at reducing energy consumption without compromising the quality of services. Economic implications include cost savings, enhanced competitiveness, and the potential for reduced reliance on energy imports.

Climate-resilient development integrates climate adaptation into economic planning and development strategies. This assists in minimizing climate risks to economic growth and helps in maximizing opportunities that a changing climate may present.

The Tragedy of the Commons is a concept illustrating the conflict between individual interests and the common good in resource use. In climate economics, this applies to how unrestricted access to common resources like the atmosphere leads to overuse and negative externalities.

Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It has economic implications as it encourages long-term planning, resource efficiency, and inclusive growth.

Climate vulnerability refers to the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change. Economies with high vulnerability may face large impacts on growth, development, and sustainability challenges.

Resource efficiency is the minimization of the amount of resources required to produce a good or service. It's economically beneficial as it can lower production costs and reduce dependency on raw materials, whilst having the environmental advantage of lower emissions.

The Global Green New Deal is a policy proposal that aims to tackle climate change and economic inequality through investments in green infrastructure, renewable energy, and job creation. It seeks to stimulate the economy through sustainable development, with both immediate and long-term benefits.

A circular economy is an economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources. This system encourages recycling, reusing, and repairing to create a closed-loop system, reducing the need for new resources and minimizing environmental impact.

Climate policy encompasses the actions and legislation intended to achieve climate change mitigation, adaptation, and disaster resilience. These policies can involve renewable energy targets, energy efficiency standards, and resilient infrastructure investment.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesizes an inverted U-shape relationship between environmental degradation and economic development: as income increases, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases after a certain point of economic development is reached.

The discount rate in climate models is used to compare the costs and benefits of climate actions occurring at different times. A lower discount rate increases the present-value of future damages, potentially justifying more immediate and aggressive climate action.

Green bonds are designed to finance projects that have positive environmental benefits. The issuance of green bonds can help fund renewable energy projects or energy efficiency initiatives, potentially leading to a reduction in carbon emissions and a transition towards a low-carbon economy.

Fossil fuel divestment is the removal of investment assets including stocks, bonds, and investment funds from companies involved in extracting fossil fuels. This action aims to reduce carbon emissions by making fossil fuel companies financially unattractive and discouraging their growth.

Climate change mitigation refers to efforts to reduce or prevent the emission of greenhouse gases. It can involve energy efficiency, the use of renewable resources, and changing management practices. Economically, it can lead to investment and growth in green industries and technology.

The social cost of carbon is an estimate of the economic damages from emitting one additional ton of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. This includes factors like property damage from increased flood risk, decreased agricultural yields, and public health impacts.

Climate finance refers to the financial resources allocated for climate change mitigation and adaptation. It includes investments in green technologies, support for carbon reduction policies, and financing for sustainable development initiatives.