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A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

An extremely high and typically accelerating inflation rate, often exceeding 50% per month.

The rate of interest an investor, saver or lender receives (or expects to receive) after allowing for inflation.

A decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often causing an increase in the value of money.

A monetary policy whereby a central bank buys predefined amounts of government bonds or other financial assets to inject liquidity directly into the economy.

Occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds their supply.

A situation in which lower prices lead to lower production, which in turn leads to lower wages and demand, which leads to further decreases in prices.

A measure of the long-term trend in the price level that excludes items with volatile prices, such as food and energy.

The stated interest rate on a loan or investment, without adjustment for inflation or other factors.

Actions by a central bank or other regulatory authority to control the money supply and interest rates to stabilize economic growth.

A situation where the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high.

A macroeconomic theory that suggests that rising wages increase disposable income, boosting demand and prices, leading to further wage demands.

A monetary policy regime in which a central bank has an explicit target inflation rate for the medium term and announces this inflation target to the public.

A measure that examines the weighted average of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, often used as an indicator of inflation.

When prices rise due to increases in the cost of production and raw materials.

The economic theory proposed by Irving Fisher that describes the relationship between inflation and both real and nominal interest rates.

A fixed set of consumer products and services valued on an annual basis to measure inflation in an economy or specific market.

The value of a currency expressed in terms of the amount of goods or services that one unit of money can buy.

An economic concept that shows an inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation within an economy.