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The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in a specific time period. Example: Total value of all economic output in the United States in a year.

Income obtained by government through taxation. Example: Federal income taxes, sales taxes, property taxes, and tariffs.

A type of fiscal policy that involves increasing taxes, decreasing government expenditures, or both, to fight inflation. Example: Reducing government workforce to lower spending.

Occurs when a government's revenues exceed its expenditures during a specific time period. Example: Excess taxes from economic growth leading to more revenue than planned government spending.

A government's operating year, typically a 12-month period used for budgeting and accounting purposes. Example: In the United States, the fiscal year is October 1 to September 30.

Occurs when increased public sector spending leads to a reduction in private sector spending, which dampens the initial boost from government spending. Example: Government borrowing raises interest rates, which decrease private investment.

Governmental adjustment of its spending levels and tax rates to monitor and influence a nation's economy. Example: Increasing government spending on infrastructure during a recession.

Fiscal policy that acts against the cyclical tendencies of an economy, such as increasing spending or reducing taxes during a recession. Example: A stimulus package passed during economic downturns.

A financial situation where a government's expenditures exceed its revenues, resulting in a need to borrow money. Example: Government spends more on social programs than it collects in taxes in a given year.

A policy intended to encourage economic growth or combat economic slowdowns via government spending and tax cuts. Example: An increase in infrastructure spending aimed at reducing unemployment.

The total amount of money that a country's government has borrowed, typically as a result of budget deficits. Example: Sum of all past budget deficits minus budget surpluses.

A tax system where the tax rate is fixed and does not change according to the taxable base (income, property, or sales). Example: A flat income tax rate of 10% for all income levels.

A tax system where the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases. Example: Sales tax that takes a larger percentage from low-income earners.

A budget deficit that exists regardless of the economy's cyclical position, caused by a fundamental imbalance in revenues and expenses. Example: Persistent deficits due to high levels of government entitlement spending.

All spending incurred by government agencies. Example: Expenses on public services, infrastructure, defense, and social welfare programs.

Fiscal policy measures implemented by choice of the government to stabilize the economy, rather than set by existing statutes. Example: A new infrastructure bill to spur job growth.

A metric that compares a country's public debt to its gross domestic product (GDP). Example: If a country's total debt is $100 billion and its GDP is$500 billion, the debt-to-GDP ratio is 20%.

The ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. Example: A multiplier of 2 means that for every dollar of government spending, there is a $2 increase in GDP.$

The budget allocated by the government for investment in capital assets like infrastructure, buildings, and equipment. Example: Budget for constructing new highways and bridges.

A form of fiscal policy that involves decreasing taxes, increasing government expenditures, or both in order to fight economic recessions. Example: A government tax rebate to stimulate consumer spending.

Revenue and expenditure mechanisms in fiscal policy that automatically adjust with the economic cycle without additional government action. Example: Progressive income taxes increase revenue during booms and provide relief during downturns.

The amount of money a government owes to lenders outside of itself, often referred to as national debt. Example: Sum total of all government bonds issued to the public and foreign entities.

The government budget that is used for non-investment day-to-day spending, such as salaries, maintenance, and interest payments. Example: Yearly budgeting for the operational costs of running a government department.

A tax system in which the tax rate increases as the taxable income increases. Example: Higher income brackets pay a higher percentage in tax.