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Prohibits business activities deemed anticompetitive, aiming to protect consumers and ensure a competitive market. Example: US v. Microsoft (2001), where Microsoft was found to have a monopoly in the PC operating systems market.

Restrictions imposed by a firm at one level of the market on a firm at another level regarding conditions under which goods can be sold. Example: Exclusive supply agreements where manufacturers restrict retailers from selling competitors’ products.

The sale of a product on the condition that the buyer also purchases a different, or tied, product. Example: Eastman Kodak v. Image Technical Services involved a tying arrangement of Kodak photocopiers and Kodak parts and services.

Competitors agree to not compete with each other in specific markets by dividing territories, customers, or products. Example: Apple and Google were once accused of agreeing to not hire each other's employees, effectively dividing the labor market.

Selling a product below cost to drive competitors out of the market and then raising prices to recoup losses. Example: Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp. is a landmark case addressing the issue of predatory pricing.

Requires owners of essential facilities, which cannot feasibly be duplicated, to provide access to competitors. Example: In MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T, MCI was granted access to AT&T's essential communications network.

Measures of the total output produced in an industry by a given number of firms. Agencies use it to assess the level of competition within a market. Example: A market where the top four firms control 80% of the market is considered highly concentrated.

Requires companies to file premerger notifications and observe waiting periods to allow for government review of large mergers and acquisitions. Example: The act’s waiting period allowed the FTC and DOJ to review and challenge Facebook's acquisition of Instagram.

Standard developed by the Supreme Court to evaluate the legality of certain practices based on circumstances and their actual effects on competition. Example: NFL v. North American Soccer League, where the NFL's exclusive broadcasting practices were evaluated under this rule.

Targets anti-competitive practices like price discrimination and ensures sellers offer the same price terms to buyers. Example: FTC v. Morton Salt, where the company was found in violation of the act for offering different prices to large and small buyers.

Amended the Clayton Act to cover asset purchases and other acquisitions that may lead to decreased competition. Example: The law has been applied to block acquisitions that would reduce market competition, even if no physical goods change hands.

Charging different prices to different buyers for commodities of like grade and quality, potentially harmful to competition. Example: The Robinson-Patman Act addresses this issue directly in cases like FTC v. Anheuser-Busch, where the company was found guilty of unfairly discriminating between wholesalers.

Provide guidance on how the Federal Trade Commission and Department of Justice evaluate the likelihood that horizontal mergers will harm competition. Example: The proposed merger between T-Mobile and Sprint was reviewed under these guidelines.

Certain anticompetitive behaviors are deemed illegal without necessity for further detailed analysis. Example: Price fixing among competitors is generally considered illegal per se.

Establishes the Federal Trade Commission and bans 'unfair methods of competition' and 'unfair or deceptive acts or practices.’ Example: FTC's challenge of the Staples-Office Depot merger on the grounds that it would harm competition.

The act of acquiring or maintaining monopoly power through improper means, and being unwilling to allow fair competition. Example: United States v. American Tobacco Co. resulted in the breakup of the company due to its monopolistic practices.

Strengthens the Sherman Act by prohibiting specific types of anticompetitive conduct and mergers. Example: The act has been used to challenge anti-competitive mergers that may substantially lessen competition.

Requires judicial review of proposed consent decrees in antitrust cases to ensure they are in the public interest. Example: The AT&T and T-Mobile merger proposal was scrutinized under the Tunney Act.

Occurs when a retailer or wholesaler is 'exclusively' tied to a supplier, and is restricted from buying or selling a competitor's products. Example: FTC v. Qualcomm involved claims that Qualcomm’s licensing practices were a form of exclusive dealing damaging to competition.