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A principle that signifies that the EU does not take action unless it is more effective than action taken at the national, regional, or local level.

The distinct areas of authority that the EU has to act in, as specified in the Treaties, which detail whether the EU has exclusive, shared, or supportive competence in various policy areas.

The directly elected parliamentary institution of the EU, representing EU citizens and exercising legislative and budgetary functions.

A document that consolidates all of the EU's fundamental rights into one coherent set and is legally binding on the EU institutions and on national governments.

An EU institution, that defines the general political direction and priorities of the Union, comprised of the heads of state or government of the member states.

The entire body of European Union law that is accumulated to date, including treaties, directives, regulations, decisions, and case law, which all member states are bound to adhere to.

A binding legislative act of the EU which is directly applicable and enforceable in all member states without the need for national legislation.

The main law-making process of the EU, where the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union legislate on equal footing.

The cornerstones of the single market involving free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EU.

The executive arm of the EU responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU Treaties, and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

The Court of Justice of the European Union, which ensures EU law is interpreted and applied consistently across all member states and resolves legal disputes.

Special shares held by governments allowing them to block certain decisions that might otherwise pass in a shareholder meeting, often to protect national interests.

An intergovernmental treaty designed to strengthen fiscal discipline through the introduction of balanced budget rules and automatic correction mechanisms.

The principle that certain provisions of EU law can be enforced by individuals directly in national courts without the need for domestic implementation.

The zone comprising 26 European countries that have abolished passports and all other types of border control at their mutual borders.

Status afforded to nationals of EU member states, providing them with specific rights such as the right to move and reside freely within the EU.

The principle that EU law takes precedence over national laws of member states, established in the case of Costa v. ENEL.

The 1957 treaty that established the European Economic Community, one of the key foundation treaties of the European Union.

The detailed treaty covering all areas of the EU's competences; it details how the EU should work.

A procedure where a minimum of nine EU countries establish advanced integration or cooperation in areas within or outside the EU’s structures.

The principle that the action of the EU must be limited to what is necessary to achieve the objectives of the Treaties.

The principle that EU member states must assist each other in fulfilling treaty obligations and avoid actions that could jeopardize EU aims.

Advantages conferred by public authorities through state resources on a selective basis to any organization that could potentially distort competition and trade in the EU.

An EU institution where government ministers from each EU country meet to adopt laws and coordinate policies, also known as the Council of Ministers.

A procedure in which the CJEU delivers rulings on the interpretation of EU law or the validity of EU acts, at the request of national courts.

A doctrine where EU law takes precedence and precludes the enactment of domestic laws that could conflict with EU law.

The process by which EU member state representatives manage the implementation of EU legislation, involving committees that control how EU laws are modified or enacted on a detailed level.

One of the two primary Treaties of European Union Law; it sets out the political principles, including the roles of the institutions as well as enhanced cooperation.

A legislative act of the EU which binds member states to achieve a particular result but allows them to choose the form and methods of implementation.