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Alfalfa is deep-rooted and can help in breaking up compacted soil. It should be plowed under before it seeds to add nitrogen and organic matter to the soil.

Clover can be used in crop rotations, sown in fall or spring. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen and should be turned into the soil 2-3 weeks before planting the next crop.

Mustard plants are fast-growing and can be used in the fall. Their biofumigant properties help suppress soil-borne pests and diseases when the tissues are crushed and incorporated into the soil.

Rye can be planted in the fall and turned under in early spring. It improves soil structure, adds organic matter, and suppresses weeds with its dense growth.

Vetch should be sown in late summer or autumn. It enriches the soil with nitrogen and organic matter, and must be cut before it seeds for the best effect.

Buckwheat can be grown as a summer cover crop. It is fast-growing, suppresses weeds, and is turned under 4 to 6 weeks after sowing to add phosphorus and organic matter to the soil.

Oats are planted in early spring or fall and turned under before they head. They improve soil structure and add fresh organic matter, which aids in soil moisture retention.