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Physical methods to prevent pests from damaging crops. Example: using row covers to protect vegetables from insect pests.

Alternate different types of crops to interrupt pest life cycles, thereby reducing pest populations over time. Example: rotating legumes with cereals to control nematodes.

Regular observation and correct identification of pest species to inform control decisions. Example: using pheromone traps to monitor for specific pest insects.

Improving soil fertility and structure to grow healthier plants that are less prone to pests. Example: using cover crops and compost to enhance soil organic matter.

Legal measures to prevent the introduction or spread of pests. Example: quarantine laws to prevent pest spread across borders.

Growing different crops in proximity to each other to confuse or repel pests, thus reducing damage. Example: planting onions between rows of carrots to deter carrot flies.

Using screens, nets, or other barriers to keep pests away from crops. Example: insect netting to protect fruit trees from birds and insects.

Creating or modifying habitats to encourage beneficial insects and reduce pest populations. Example: planting flowers to attract and support populations of beneficial insects.

Cultivating a variety of crops to decrease the likelihood of pests adapting and becoming a widespread problem. Example: implementing polyculture instead of monoculture.

Use of natural predators or parasites to manage pest populations. Example: introducing ladybugs to control aphids in a greenhouse.

Modification of farming practices to make the environment less conducive to pests. Example: planting pest-resistant crop varieties.

Reducing pests by removing plant debris and diseased plants that can harbor pests. Example: cleaning up fallen fruit to reduce fruit fly populations.

Establishing levels of pest populations at which action should be taken to prevent economic damage. Example: only applying insecticides when pest presence exceeds a threshold level.

The careful and minimal use of pesticides when necessary, with a preference for products that are least harmful to non-target organisms. Example: using neem oil as a selective pesticide.