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Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities, ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. It originated in France and was a reaction against the rigidity of academic painting, favoring a more spontaneous method of capturing the moment.

Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. Known for its stylized natural forms and curvilinear designs, Art Nouveau is, in many ways, a response to the industrial revolution and a rejection of the historical imitation found in much academic art. It sought to harmonize with the natural environment.

Modernism is a broad movement that developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and America as a result of wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society. The movement reflected a break with traditions and embraced experimental forms in the arts. Its various incarnations—such as Impressionism, Cubism, Surrealism, and Expressionism—rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many Modernists believed in the power of art to restore a sense of order in a world disrupted by rapid societal changes.

Neoclassicism is a revival of the styles and spirit of classic antiquity inspired directly from the classical period, which coincided and reflected the developments in philosophy and other areas of the Age of Enlightenment. It emerged in the mid-18th century and aimed to imitate the simplicity and grandeur of ancient Greek and Roman art. Neoclassicism favored clarity, order, and balance.

Minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. It is characterized by minimal use of forms and a lack of ornamentation. This movement aimed to allow the viewer an experience of purity and simplicity through art, stripping it to its fundamental features.

Gothic Art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe and much of Southern and Central Europe. It's notable for its advancements in the depiction of the natural world in art and the move towards more naturalism.

Conceptual Art is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. It emerged as a movement in the 1960s and the term was coined in 1967 by the artist Sol LeWitt. Artists often set out to challenge the notion of art itself: sometimes it is seen as more of a gesture or a series of actions than a tangible object.

Post-Impressionism is a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionists extended Impressionism while rejecting its limitations: they continued using vivid colors, often thick application of paint, and real-life subject matter, but were more inclined to emphasize geometric forms, distort form for expressive effect, and use unnatural or arbitrary color.

Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York City in the 1940s. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris. The movement is characterized by gestural brushstrokes or mark-making, and the impression of spontaneity. It was influenced by the surrealist idea that art should come from the unconscious mind.

Art Deco, short for Arts Décoratifs, is an influential visual arts design style that first appeared in France just before World War I and began flourishing internationally in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s before its popularity waned after World War II. It is characterized by bold geometric forms and bright colors, and it conveyed luxury, exuberance, and technological progress.

Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. Pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, it broke the subject down into geometric forms and interlocking planes, offering multiple perspectives of the same object simultaneously. Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century.

Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionists sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality.

Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century. It developed in reaction to World War I and the nationalism that many thought had led to the war. Its purpose was to ridicule the meaninglessness of the modern world. Dada artwork is typically satirical and nonsensical in nature.

Pop Art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books, and mundane mass-produced objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.

Fauvism is characterized by strong colors and fierce brushwork. It was the first of the avant-garde movements that flourished in France in the early 20th century. Deriving from the word 'fauves' meaning 'wild beasts', it was started by Henri Matisse and André Derain who shared the use of intense color as a vehicle for describing light and space, and who had a profound influence on the art of the 20th century.

The Renaissance was a period of European history from the 14th to the 17th century, regarded as the cultural bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a resurgence of learning based on classical sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

Baroque is a style of European architecture, music, and art of the 17th and early 18th centuries that followed the Renaissance era. It was characterized by new explorations of form, light and shadow, and dramatic intensity. Baroque art is often seen as part of a broader cultural movement that expressed the grandeur or power of the church and the absolutist state. Most notably, it could be identified by its emotional, detailed, and dynamic compositions.

Surrealism is a cultural movement that started in the early 1920s, best known for its visual artworks and writings. Artists paint unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, creating strange creatures from everyday objects and developing painting techniques that allow the unconscious to express itself. Surrealism was influenced by Dadaism and was rooted in the unexpected and a desire to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind.