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Art Techniques Glossary

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Chiaroscuro

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A technique employed in the visual arts to represent light and shadow as they define three-dimensional objects.

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Impasto

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A technique where paint is laid on an area of the surface very thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible.

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Sgraffito

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A technique produced by applying layers of pigment and then scratching or scraping the top layers to reveal the color underneath.

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Fresco

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A method of mural painting executed upon freshly laid lime plaster, where the water-based pigments become a permanent part of the wall.

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Trompe-l'oeil

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A technique that uses realistic imagery to create the optical illusion that depicted objects exist in three dimensions.

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Collage

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An artistic composition made of various materials (such as paper, cloth, or wood) glued on a surface.

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Grisaille

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A painting executed entirely in shades of grey or of another neutral greyish color.

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Encaustic

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A painting technique in which pigment is mixed with hot liquid wax and applied to the surface while molten.

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Gouache

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A method of painting using opaque pigments ground in water and thickened with a glue-like substance.

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Decalcomania

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A technique of creating patterns by pressing paint between two surfaces and pulling them apart.

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Assemblage

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An artistic process in which a three-dimensional work is made from putting together found objects.

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Tenebrism

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A style of painting using profoundly pronounced chiaroscuro, where there are violent contrasts of light and dark, and darkness becomes a dominating feature of the image.

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Pointillism

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A technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image.

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Wash

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A technique in which a paint brush that is very wet with solvent and holds a small amount of paint is applied to the canvas.

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Dada

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An art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, characterized by a spirit of anarchic revolt against traditional values and aesthetics.

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Sfumato

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A painting technique for softening the transition between colors, mimicking an area beyond what the human eye is focusing on, or the out-of-focus plane.

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Underpainting

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An initial layer of paint applied to a ground, which serves as a base for subsequent layers of paint.

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Glazing

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A technique in painting where a transparent layer of paint (glaze) is laid over another, usually lighter, painted or glazed layer.

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Drybrush

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A painting technique in which a paint brush that is relatively dry, but still holds paint, is brushed onto a dry canvas.

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Ink Wash Painting

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A type of East Asian brush painting that uses black ink as used in East Asian calligraphy, in different concentrations.

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Batik

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A technique of wax-resist dyeing applied to whole cloth, or cloth made using this technique, originated from Indonesia.

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En plein air

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A French expression which means 'in the open air', used to describe the act of painting outdoors.

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Papier collé

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A type of collage and the technique of using paper cut-outs as an integral part of the work.

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Found Object

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Art created from undisguised, but often modified, items that are not normally considered art, often because they already have a non-art function.

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Marbling

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A method of aqueous surface design, which can produce patterns similar to smooth marble or other kinds of stone.

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