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Carving involves removing material to shape a form, typically in stone, wood, or ice. Examples include marble statues like Michelangelo's 'David'.

Modeling is a technique where a malleable material like clay is built up and shaped. 'The Thinker' by Rodin is a famous example.

Casting involves pouring liquid material into a mold to harden, used with metals, plaster, or concrete. The Bronze David by Donatello is an example.

Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals, by causing coalescence. Large-scale public art, like the works by Richard Serra, are examples.

Assemblage involves compiling and attaching found objects or non-traditional materials. Pablo Picasso's 'Bull's Head' is an example.

Forging is the process of shaping metal using localized compressive forces. Blacksmithing works and forged steel sculptures are examples.

Stamping is a technique that involves pounding or pressing shapes into a material, such as metal or leather. Creates surface patterns and textures.

Plaster casting is the art of creating a negative mold and pouring plaster into it, creating a sculpture or relief. Friezes on historical buildings often use this technique.

Laminating involves layering materials together to create sculpture. Examples include layered wood sculptures or glass art.

Folding is the technique of bending and creasing material, often seen in metal artworks or paper sculptures like origami.

Lost-Wax Casting involves creating a wax model, which is melted away to leave a mold for metal casting. Ancient bronzes are often made this way.

Direct Metal Sculpture is formed by manipulating the metal directly, through techniques such as bending, cutting, and welding, without the use of casting.

Kinetic Sculpture involves sculptures that move or contain moving parts, often powered by wind, motors, or human interaction. Calder's mobiles are famous examples.

Light Sculpture is where light is the main medium. It might involve illuminated materials, projection, or shadow play. James Turrell's works are examples.