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The camera's system to automatically adjust the camera lens to obtain focus on the subject, ensuring clear and sharp images.

The distance from the optical center of a lens to the sensor when the subject is in focus, typically measured in millimeters. It determines the angle of view and magnification of the image.

The range of luminance values that a camera can capture, from the darkest shadows to the brightest highlights.

The placement or arrangement of visual elements in a photograph; a way to guide the viewer's eye to the most important elements.

The process of measuring the brightness of a subject to determine the optimal exposure settings.

The technique of taking several shots of the same subject at different exposures to ensure one with the desired exposure, often for later HDR processing.

The opening in a camera lens through which light passes to enter the camera body. It is measured in f-stops and controls the depth of field in your images.

The aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. It's often used to make a subject stand out.

The camera's process of removing unrealistic color casts, so that objects which appear white in person are rendered white in your photo.

A composition principle that suggests dividing the image into thirds horizontally and vertically, and placing the subject at the intersection of those lines.

Adjusting the camera's focus by hand rather than using the camera's autofocus features.

The level of sensitivity of your camera to available light. A higher ISO value can lead to more grain/noise in the image.

The visual distortion in a digital image, often resembling grain in film photography, can be caused by high ISO settings, long exposures, or poor lighting conditions.

The maximum shutter speed with which the camera can be used with a flash. It is the speed at which the shutter is fully open to allow the flash to fire and expose the entire sensor.

A graphical representation of the tonal values of your image. It shows the distribution of shadows, midtones, and highlights.

The distance between the nearest and the furthest objects in a scene that appear acceptably sharp in an image. Can be shallow or deep.

The amount of light per unit area reaching the camera sensor, as determined by shutter speed, aperture, and ISO settings.

The amount of time the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to hit the sensor. It affects motion blur and exposure.

An image format that contains the most information about a photo, allowing for greater flexibility in post-processing.