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Promoted the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI); 20th century

Developed the Heliocentric model of the solar system; Renaissance era

Worked on the cosmology of black holes and theoretical predictions of black hole radiation; Late 20th century

Developed the Harvard Classification Scheme for stars; Early 20th century

Discovered Uranus, infrared radiation and made extensive star catalogues; 18th century

Proposed the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe; 20th century

Formulated the Chandrasekhar limit for the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star; 20th century

Discovered the expansion of the Universe; 20th century

Established the law of universal gravitation; 17th-century

Formulated the Laws of Planetary Motion; 17th century

Discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars; Early 20th century

Discovered the law of refraction (Snell's law); 17th century

Discovered the first radio pulsars as a graduate student; 20th century

Contributed to the theory of orbits and devised a method to calculate asteroid orbits; 19th century

Pioneered work on galaxy rotation rates, providing evidence for dark matter; 20th century

Developed the theory of general relativity, impacting the understanding of space, time, and gravity; 20th century

Discovered that stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium; Early 20th century