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Great Observatories of the World
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Arecibo Observatory
Location: Arecibo, Puerto Rico (collapsed in 2020), Instruments: Large fixed spherical radio dish, line feed, receivers, Significant discoveries: Mapping the surfaces of Venus and Mercury, discovering the first exoplanet, SETI projects.
Spitzer Space Telescope
Location: Heliocentric orbit, trailing Earth, Instruments: Infrared array camera, multiband imaging photometer, infrared spectrograph, Significant discoveries: Studying comets and asteroids, mapping large stellar nurseries, detailed observations of exoplanets.
South Pole Telescope
Location: Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, Antarctica, Instruments: 10-meter diameter dish, bolometric camera, a receiver that measures polarization, Significant discoveries: Measurements of cosmic microwave background, studies of large-scale structure in the universe, dark energy research.
Hubble Space Telescope
Location: Low Earth Orbit, Instruments: Wide Field Camera 3, Advanced Camera for Surveys, Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, among others, Significant discoveries: Determining rate of expansion of the universe, the Hubble Deep Field, insights into black holes and dark energy.
Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array
Location: Chajnantor plateau, Chile, Instruments: 66 high precision antennas, Significant discoveries: Imaging protoplanetary disks, observation of molecular clouds, measurements of gas content in galaxy clusters.
Keck Observatory
Location: Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Instruments: Two 10 meter optical/near-infrared telescopes, adaptive optics, laser guide star, Significant discoveries: Characterization of brown dwarfs, black hole measurements, studying the composition of distant planets.
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Location: Low Earth Orbit, Instruments: Imaging X-ray optics, detectors, and a High Resolution Camera, Significant discoveries: Supernova remnants, dark matter mapping, observation of black holes and quasars.
Very Large Telescope
Location: Cerro Paranal, Chile, Instruments: Four 8.2 meter telescopes which work independently or together, interferometry, Significant discoveries: Observation of the afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, direct imaging of exoplanets, tracking individual stars moving around the galactic center.
Green Bank Telescope
Location: Green Bank, West Virginia, Instruments: Fully steerable radio telescope, active surface, Significant discoveries: Pulsar and gravitational waves studies, molecular clouds surveys, Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) programs.
Voyager Interstellar Mission
Location: Interstellar space, Instruments: Magnetometers, plasma detectors, low energy charged particle instruments, cameras (no longer operational), Significant discoveries: Detailed images and data from Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, interstellar plasma and magnetic field measurements beyond the heliosphere.
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Location: Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Instruments: Submillimetre cameras and spectrometers, Significant discoveries: Star formation regions, mapping the Milky Way, cosmic microwave background observations.
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Location: Low Earth Orbit, Instruments: Large Area Telescope, Gamma-ray Burst Monitor, Significant discoveries: Gamma-ray burst observations, mapping the gamma-ray sky, studying high-energy particles from astronomical objects.
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