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Postulates the universe began from an incredibly dense and hot state and expanded over 13.8 billion years to its current form. Key contributors include Georges Lemaître, Edwin Hubble, and Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (CMB discovery).

Postulates a period of rapid exponential expansion of space within the early universe. Alan Guth and Andrei Linde made significant contributions.

A field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Researchers include Carlo Rovelli, Lee Smolin, and Abhay Ashtekar.

The principle states that the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it. Notable proponents include Brandon Carter and John D. Barrow.

An extension of string theory in which 11 spacetime dimensions are proposed. Edward Witten and Paul Townsend have made significant contributions to the development of M-Theory.

Suggests that our universe might be one among many universes that exist. Contributors include Hugh Everett, Andrei Linde, and Leonard Susskind.

Proposes that the universe is eternal and essentially unchanging. New matter is continuously created as the universe expands. Contributors include Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle.

Hypothesizes the existence of a form of matter that does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation. Key contributors include Fritz Zwicky, Vera Rubin, and Kent Ford.

Proposes a form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales, driving the acceleration of the universe's expansion. Researchers such as Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt have contributed to the study of dark energy.