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Postulates a period of rapid exponential expansion of space within the early universe. Alan Guth and Andrei Linde made significant contributions.

An extension of string theory in which 11 spacetime dimensions are proposed. Edward Witten and Paul Townsend have made significant contributions to the development of M-Theory.

Proposes that the universe is eternal and essentially unchanging. New matter is continuously created as the universe expands. Contributors include Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle.

A theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional strings. Contributors include Edward Witten, Michael Green, and John Schwarz.

The principle states that the universe must be compatible with the conscious and sapient life that observes it. Notable proponents include Brandon Carter and John D. Barrow.

A field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics. Researchers include Carlo Rovelli, Lee Smolin, and Abhay Ashtekar.

Suggests that our universe might be one among many universes that exist. Contributors include Hugh Everett, Andrei Linde, and Leonard Susskind.

Hypothesizes the existence of a form of matter that does not emit or interact with electromagnetic radiation. Key contributors include Fritz Zwicky, Vera Rubin, and Kent Ford.

Proposes a form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales, driving the acceleration of the universe's expansion. Researchers such as Saul Perlmutter, Adam Riess, and Brian Schmidt have contributed to the study of dark energy.