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A Crisis Spokesperson is a dedicated individual who represents an organization during a crisis, delivering all public statements. Case Study: Tony Hayward's role as BP's spokesperson during the oil spill was heavily scrutinized for his missteps in communication.

Social Media Engagement involves using social platforms to communicate directly with stakeholders during a crisis to provide updates and mitigate misinformation. Case Study: During the 2010 BP oil spill, BP used social media to update the public and combat negative press.

A Holding Statement is an initial response that acknowledges the crisis and indicates follow-up is coming. Case Study: The FEMA response to Hurricane Katrina involved holding statements that were criticized for their lack of detail and delayed follow-up.

Message Control is the strategic development and distribution of an organization's message to ensure consistency and accuracy. Case Study: Starbucks' reaction to the 2018 Philadelphia store incident highlighted controlled messaging via CEO apology and diversity training.

Cross-Channel Consistency is maintaining a uniform message across different communication platforms during a crisis. Case Study: During the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic, the CDC employed consistent messaging across various channels to educate the public.

Third-Party Endorsement includes seeking support or validation from external experts or agencies to bolster credibility. Case Study: During the lead crisis in Flint, Michigan, third-party endorsements from water quality experts helped reassure the public.

Stakeholder Mapping is identifying and prioritizing entities affected by or influential to a crisis to tailor communication strategies. Case Study: Chipotle's E. coli outbreak strategy involved targeted communication addressing customer and investor concerns.

Apology Strategy involves a public admission of fault or regret and is crucial for reputation recovery. Case Study: Toyota's 2010 apology for safety issues contributed to regaining public trust after massive recalls.

Media Training involves preparing an organization's representatives to effectively communicate with the press during a crisis. Case Study: Following the Asiana Airlines Flight 214 crash, media-trained spokespeople were crucial in delivering clear, consistent information to the public.