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A linear communication theory that suggests media messages are injected directly into the brains of a passive audience. Considered less relevant today, but it underscores the media's potential power over public opinion in its early conceptualization.

Suggests that the more a person depends on media to fulfill needs, the more influential media are likely to be on that person. It is relevant in exploring the extent of media influence on individuals and society.

Proposes that individuals who perceive their viewpoints as being in the minority are likely to remain silent to avoid social isolation. Media relevance comes into play with the portrayal of majority and minority opinions, which can influence public speech.

Explains how the probability of a message leading to a change in attitudes is based on the likelihood that an individual will elaborate on, or carefully process, a persuasive argument. The theory underlines the media's persuasive power and how audiences process information.

Suggests that long-term exposure to media content can shape an individual's perceptions of reality. Media's relevance can be scrutinized by examining the potential effects of television on viewers' attitudes and beliefs.

Argues that media effects are indirectly established through the influence of opinion leaders who process information from the media and then pass it on to others. Media relevance is evident through the relationship between the media, opinion leaders, and the public.

Explains how media influences the importance placed on topics of the public agenda. Media relevance is seen in the way news outlets can shape public perceptions by selecting which issues to highlight.

Proposes that the audience actively interprets and incorporates media content into their own lives, with the process involving encoding by the content producer and decoding by the viewer. This model is relevant in analyzing audience media interpretation and reaction.

A theory that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than the reverse. Relevant in media studies for discussing the influence of media technology on societal developments and cultural change.

Explains how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. It has media relevance in examining the role of communication and social networks in spreading new ideas or products.

Suggests that individuals choose media that align with their existing beliefs and attitudes, thus promoting a homogeneous viewpoint. Crucial in understanding echo chambers and polarization in modern media ecosystems.

Focuses on why and how individuals actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs. This theory is relevant in studying patterns of media consumption and the fulfillment of audience desires.

Proposes that people tend to overestimate the impact of media communications on the behavior of others compared to themselves, often leading to censorship or control. This concept is relevant in the analysis of support for media regulations.

Describes how the way information is presented (framed) by media influences audience interpretation and understanding. Frame choice in news reporting can affect the receiver's perception and cognition.