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A comprehensive framework that stresses the complex, multi-step process of communication. Key Elements: Perceptual Dimensions, Contextual Factors, Effects, and Meanings.

A model that incorporates feedback and multiple levels of communication, including interpersonal and mass communication. Key Elements: Source, Messages, Channels, Receivers, Feedback, and Gatekeepers.

A circular model that emphasizes the roles of encoder and decoder. Key Elements: Encoder, Decoder, Message, and Interpretation.

Considers the dynamic and changing nature of communication where sender and receiver are engaged in a simultaneous transaction. Key Elements: Simultaneous Sending and Receiving, Feedback, and Noise.

A mathematical model of communication that describes how information is transmitted from one place to another. Key Elements: Source, Encoder, Channel, Decoder, Receiver, Noise, and Feedback.

Suggests that communication is cumulative and progressively evolves. Key Elements: Evolutionary Nature, Continuity, Unpredictability, and Complexity of Communication.

A verbal model that answers the questions: Who? Says what? In which channel? To whom? With what effect? Key Elements: Act of Communication, Content, Media, Audience, and Effect.

Describes patterns and interactions within organizations. Key Elements: Direction of Communication, Style of Communication, Channels, and the Network of Communicators.

Analyzes how attitudes are shaped, reinforced, or changed through different routes of information processing. Key Elements: Central Route, Peripheral Route, Motivation, and Ability.