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Basic Animation Principles

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Squash and Stretch

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This principle gives the illusion of weight and volume to a character as it moves. Squash and stretch are often used to achieve comedic or exaggerated effects.

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Staging

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This principle involves presenting an idea so that it is unmistakably clear. It’s all about the presentation.

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Anticipation

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This principle prepares the audience for an action, and makes the object's action more realistic.

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Arc

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The principle that natural action tends to follow an arched trajectory, and animation should reflect this to appear more natural.

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Follow Through and Overlapping Action

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These principles refer to the action that comes after the main action or the timing of ancillary movements relative to the main movements to give a more realistic feel.

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Straight Ahead Action and Pose to Pose

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These are two different approaches to drawing animations. Straight ahead action creates a more fluid, dynamic illusion of movement, and pose to pose allows the animator more control over the animation's timing.

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Slow In and Slow Out (Ease in, Ease out)

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The principle of gradually accelerating or decelerating the movement of an object, giving the impression of weight and adding realism.

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Secondary Action

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These are actions that directly result from another action, enhancing the main action without overshadowing it.

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Solid Drawing

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This principle is about creating images that are convincing in their form and convincing. It means having a knowledge of anatomy, perspective, weight, volume, light, and shadow.

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Timing

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Refers to the number of frames for a given action, which translates to the speed of the action on screen.

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Appeal

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A character design principle that involves creating engaging and compelling characters that the audience can relate to – irrespective of whether the character is hero, villain, comic or cute.

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Exaggeration

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A principle used to push movement further to deliver a more dramatic and impactful message to the viewer.

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