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Fog computing is an architecture that uses edge devices to carry out a substantial amount of computation, storage, and communication locally and routed over the internet backbone. Example: Real-time analytics in self-driving vehicles.

A digital twin is a digital replica of a physical asset, process, system, or service, used for simulation, analysis, and control. Example: A virtual model of a wind turbine used to optimize its performance.

Industrial IoT refers to the application of IoT technologies in manufacturing and other industrial sectors, focusing on improving operational efficiency and enabling predictive maintenance. Example: Smart sensors on a production line that predict equipment failure.

A sensor in IoT is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical environment. Example: A temperature sensor in a smart HVAC system.

Zigbee is a specification for a suite of high-level communication protocols using low-power digital radios for personal area networks. Example: Zigbee-protocol light switches and bulbs in a smart home.

LPWANs are networks designed to allow long-range communications at a low bit rate among connected objects, like sensors operated on a battery. Example: LoRaWAN networks used for smart city applications.

An actuator is a mechanism in IoT that is responsible for moving or controlling a system or mechanism. Example: A smart valve that controls water flow in response to sensor data.

IPv6 offers a larger address space than IPv4, which is essential for IoT, providing enough IP addresses for the rapidly growing number of IoT devices. Example: Each light bulb in a smart home having its own IPv6 address for unique identification and communication.

A smart grid utilizes IoT technologies to collect and analyze data from all points of the electric grid, with the goal of improving efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Example: A power grid using smart meters to optimize electricity distribution.

IoT Security involves protecting connected devices and networks in the IoT from various forms of cyber threats. Example: Deploying encryption and secure communication protocols to protect a smart home system from hackers.

MQTT is a lightweight messaging protocol designed for small code footprint and limited network bandwidth, often used in IoT applications. Example: A sensor network in agriculture using MQTT to transmit soil moisture data.

OTA updates allow for remote updating of software on IoT devices, providing security patches and new features without manual intervention. Example: A smartwatch receiving and installing a new firmware update remotely.

Edge computing refers to processing data geographically closer to where it is being generated, at the edge of the network, rather than in a centralized data-processing warehouse. Example: A traffic management system where data is processed within street-side units to provide real-time traffic control.

Embedded systems are specialized computing systems that perform dedicated functions or tasks within larger mechanical or electrical systems. Example: A microcontroller in a smart washing machine that controls the wash cycles.

IoT refers to a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. Example: A smart thermostat that adjusts the temperature based on user behavior and weather forecasts.

Home automation involves the automatic control of household features, activity, and appliances to improve convenience, comfort, energy efficiency, and security. Example: A smart home system that controls lights, thermostat, and security cameras.

Machine Learning in IoT involves the use of algorithms to analyze and learn from data patterns from IoT devices to improve operational efficiency or add intelligence. Example: Anomaly detection in industrial equipment to prevent failures.

IoT Device Management is the process of authenticating, provisioning, configuring, monitoring, and maintaining the device software and firmware. Example: A system that oversees and manages a fleet of connected vehicles.

An IoT gateway is a device or software that serves as a connection point between IoT devices and the cloud, enabling data filtering, preprocessing, and security. Example: A gateway that connects a building's smart lighting system with the broader internet for remote management.