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The BIOS performs hardware initialization and runs a Power-On Self Test (POST) to check that all critical components are working properly.

The system identifies the type of partitioning on the storage device, either Master Boot Record (MBR) or GUID Partition Table (GPT), to locate the bootloader.

The job of the bootloader is to load the operating system. It finds the kernel image on the disk, loads it into memory, and starts execution.

Once the kernel is loaded by the bootloader, it initializes the system's hardware and makes system calls available for later processes.

The kernel mounts the root filesystem as readonly to begin interacting with the system's hardware according to its configuration files.

This is the first user-space process executed by the OS. It sets up the user environment by starting system services and login prompts.

System and application services are started, as defined by the system’s initialization system (e.g., SysVinit, systemd, etc.).