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Microkernels are highly modular, allowing for easier updates and maintenance; monolithic kernels have less modularity and can be more challenging to modify.

Microkernels are more common in environments requiring high reliability and security, like aerospace; monolithic kernels are widespread in general-purpose computing, like Linux.

Microkernels have a minimalistic approach, separating essential services; monolithic kernels have all system services in one large block.

Microkernels can have performance overhead due to inter-process communication (IPC); monolithic kernels typically offer higher performance due to direct service invocations.

Microkernels have less complex code in the kernel space; monolithic kernels have complex and large code bases for providing various services.

Microkernels can have longer boot times due to the initialization of separate services; monolithic kernels generally boot faster.

Microkernel architectures run most services in user space; monolithic kernels run most services in kernel space, with direct access to hardware.

Microkernels are easier to maintain due to their simplicity and modularity; monolithic kernels can be harder to maintain due to interdependencies between components.

Microkernels run services in user space leading to greater isolation; monolithic kernels run services in kernel space with less isolation.

Microkernels can be more reliable due to service isolation; monolithic kernels can be less fault-tolerant since a bug can compromise the entire system.

Microkernels have a smaller attack surface and potentially better fault isolation; monolithic kernels have a larger attack surface due to the extensive code base.

Microkernels offer simpler development for individual components; monolithic kernels require developers to understand the whole system for creating changes.

Microkernels are more extensible due to their modular structure; monolithic kernels are less adaptable to new features.

Microkernels can scale better due to their modularity; monolithic kernels can suffer from code complexity when scaling.