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Concerned with transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over a network medium.

Translates data between the application layer and the network format; manages data encryption and decryption.

Manages and controls the connections between computers; handles session setup, maintenance, and termination.

Responsible for node-to-node data transfer and error checking; frame management.

Determines how data is sent to the receiving device from the sending device; routing and logical addressing.

Provides network services to applications; data input/output and management functions.