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Physical Implementations of Qubits
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Superconducting Qubits
These qubits are based on Josephson junctions and exhibit quantized energy levels. Example implementations include transmon and Xmon qubits.
Trapped Ion Qubits
Qubits are represented by the internal states of ions trapped in an electromagnetic field. Example implementations use ions like or .
Quantum Dot Qubits
These qubits are electron spin states or charge states in nano-sized semiconductor particles. Examples include using materials like GaAs or Si.
Topological Qubits
Qubits derived from quasiparticles called anyons, whose quantum information is stored in their braided paths. No practical example yet, but Majorana fermions are a candidate.
Photonic Qubits
These are qubits implemented using the quantum states of photons, such as polarization states. Examples include linear optical quantum computing (LOQC).
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Qubits
Qubits are the nuclear spin states of atoms in a molecule. Molecules like chloroform have been used in early demonstrations.
NV-center Qubits
Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond act as qubits, where the electronic state of a vacancy can be read and manipulated with light.
Silicon Spin Qubits
Qubits are the spin states of individual electrons in silicon-based devices, controllable with electric and magnetic fields.
Rydberg Atom Qubits
Atoms in high-energy Rydberg states serve as qubits, where their interactions are controlled using lasers.
SQUID Qubits
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device is a loop with two Josephson junctions, used to readout superconducting qubits.
Heavy Fermion Qubits
These qubits exploit the properties of heavy fermion systems, though there's currently no practical implementation.
Electron Hole Spin Qubits
Qubits are based on the spin of electron holes in semiconductor materials, which can be manipulated with electric fields.
Molecular Magnet Qubits
Individual magnetic molecules can act as qubits, utilizing the spins of molecular components.
Flux Qubits
Qubits are created by the different quantum magnetic flux states in a superconducting loop.
Charge Qubits
In these systems, the presence or absence of an electron in a double quantum dot represents the qubit.
Hybrid Qubits
These qubits blend different quantum systems to leverage their respective advantages, like combining superconducting qubits with spin qubits.
Electron Spin Qubits
Qubits are the spin states of electrons in a magnetic field, often in materials like GaAs or Si/SiGe.
Majorana Qubits
The existence of Majorana fermions in topological superconductors could represent qubits, proposed to be highly fault-tolerant. Still hypothetical.
Atomic Ensemble Qubits
Ensembles of atoms are used where collective states of these atoms represent a single qubit, increasing the signal strength for detection.
Hole Spin Qubits
These are qubits based on the spin state of 'holes' in semiconductors, potentially offering faster operations than electron spins.
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