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Physical Implementations of Qubits

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Hybrid Qubits

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These qubits blend different quantum systems to leverage their respective advantages, like combining superconducting qubits with spin qubits.

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Atomic Ensemble Qubits

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Ensembles of atoms are used where collective states of these atoms represent a single qubit, increasing the signal strength for detection.

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Photonic Qubits

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These are qubits implemented using the quantum states of photons, such as polarization states. Examples include linear optical quantum computing (LOQC).

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Silicon Spin Qubits

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Qubits are the spin states of individual electrons in silicon-based devices, controllable with electric and magnetic fields.

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SQUID Qubits

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Superconducting Quantum Interference Device is a loop with two Josephson junctions, used to readout superconducting qubits.

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Superconducting Qubits

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These qubits are based on Josephson junctions and exhibit quantized energy levels. Example implementations include transmon and Xmon qubits.

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Quantum Dot Qubits

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These qubits are electron spin states or charge states in nano-sized semiconductor particles. Examples include using materials like GaAs or Si.

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Flux Qubits

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Qubits are created by the different quantum magnetic flux states in a superconducting loop.

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Electron Hole Spin Qubits

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Qubits are based on the spin of electron holes in semiconductor materials, which can be manipulated with electric fields.

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Qubits

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Qubits are the nuclear spin states of atoms in a molecule. Molecules like chloroform have been used in early demonstrations.

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Electron Spin Qubits

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Qubits are the spin states of electrons in a magnetic field, often in materials like GaAs or Si/SiGe.

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Topological Qubits

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Qubits derived from quasiparticles called anyons, whose quantum information is stored in their braided paths. No practical example yet, but Majorana fermions are a candidate.

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Rydberg Atom Qubits

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Atoms in high-energy Rydberg states serve as qubits, where their interactions are controlled using lasers.

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Trapped Ion Qubits

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Qubits are represented by the internal states of ions trapped in an electromagnetic field. Example implementations use ions like 40extCa+^{40} ext{Ca}^+ or 9extBe+^{9} ext{Be}^+.

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Majorana Qubits

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The existence of Majorana fermions in topological superconductors could represent qubits, proposed to be highly fault-tolerant. Still hypothetical.

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Hole Spin Qubits

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These are qubits based on the spin state of 'holes' in semiconductors, potentially offering faster operations than electron spins.

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NV-center Qubits

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Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond act as qubits, where the electronic state of a vacancy can be read and manipulated with light.

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Molecular Magnet Qubits

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Individual magnetic molecules can act as qubits, utilizing the spins of molecular components.

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Charge Qubits

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In these systems, the presence or absence of an electron in a double quantum dot represents the qubit.

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Heavy Fermion Qubits

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These qubits exploit the properties of heavy fermion systems, though there's currently no practical implementation.

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