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Originator of quantum theory, introduced the idea of quantization of energy. His work laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics, which is essential for quantum computing. Significance: Received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Introduced the concept of the photon, which plays a key role in quantum mechanics and quantum computing. Significance: Photons are now fundamental to quantum communication and quantum cryptography.

Proposed the basic ideas of quantum computing in his 1982 talk. Significance: Often credited as the conceptual founding father of quantum computing.

Developed the quantum Turing machine, formulating the theory of quantum computation. Significance: This work leads to the concept of the universal quantum computer.

Created Shor's algorithm for factoring integers in polynomial time. Significance: His algorithm can break RSA encryption, a commonly used security protocol.

Developed Grover's algorithm, which provides quadratic speedup for unsorted database search problems. Significance: Grover's algorithm is a staple example of quantum computing's potential speed advantage.

Physical phenomenon when pairs of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently. Significance: Essential for quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography.

The point at which quantum computers can perform a calculation that traditional computers practically cannot. Significance: Marks a milestone in quantum computing, indicating a real-world advantage over classical computers.

A theorem in quantum computing stating that it is impossible to create an identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. Significance: Fundamental to the understanding of quantum information theory.

The loss of quantum coherence in quantum systems, where systems interact with their environment in thermodynamically irreversible ways. Significance: Decoherence presents a challenge for quantum computing by causing information loss.

A method of protecting quantum information against errors due to decoherence and other quantum noise. Significance: Critical for the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers.

A type of quantum computing that uses anyons and braids in two dimensions for performing calculations. Significance: May provide a way to create more stable qubits and fault-tolerant quantum computers.

The use of quantum mechanisms, particularly quantum key distribution, to perform cryptographic tasks. Significance: Promises secure communication that is theoretically immune to eavesdropping.

A process by which quantum information can be transmitted from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement. Significance: Essential for quantum communication networks.

A secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics to produce a shared, random secret key known only to two parties. Significance: Provides a theoretically unbreakable encryption method.

IBM's quantum computing platform which offers public access to a set of quantum processors via the cloud. Significance: Represents an early step towards democratizing access to quantum computers.

The basic unit of quantum information, analogous to a bit in classical computing. Significance: Fundamental for quantum computation, with the ability to be in superpositions of states.

A theoretical quantum computer that can simulate any quantum system efficiently. Significance: Would be able to solve problems intractable for classical computers, like simulating large quantum systems.

A model for quantum computing where the computation is a sequence of quantum gates, analogous to classical logic gates. Significance: This model is the most widely used paradigm for designing quantum algorithms.