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Created Shor's algorithm for factoring integers in polynomial time. Significance: His algorithm can break RSA encryption, a commonly used security protocol.

Physical phenomenon when pairs of particles are generated in such a way that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently. Significance: Essential for quantum teleportation and quantum cryptography.

The loss of quantum coherence in quantum systems, where systems interact with their environment in thermodynamically irreversible ways. Significance: Decoherence presents a challenge for quantum computing by causing information loss.

Originator of quantum theory, introduced the idea of quantization of energy. His work laid the groundwork for quantum mechanics, which is essential for quantum computing. Significance: Received Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.

Proposed the basic ideas of quantum computing in his 1982 talk. Significance: Often credited as the conceptual founding father of quantum computing.

A method of protecting quantum information against errors due to decoherence and other quantum noise. Significance: Critical for the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers.

A model for quantum computing where the computation is a sequence of quantum gates, analogous to classical logic gates. Significance: This model is the most widely used paradigm for designing quantum algorithms.

A company that designs and manufactures quantum annealing computers. Significance: D-Wave's machines were among the first commercially available quantum computers.

The point at which quantum computers can perform a calculation that traditional computers practically cannot. Significance: Marks a milestone in quantum computing, indicating a real-world advantage over classical computers.

A type of quantum computing that uses anyons and braids in two dimensions for performing calculations. Significance: May provide a way to create more stable qubits and fault-tolerant quantum computers.

A process by which quantum information can be transmitted from one location to another, with the help of classical communication and previously shared quantum entanglement. Significance: Essential for quantum communication networks.

A secure communication method that uses quantum mechanics to produce a shared, random secret key known only to two parties. Significance: Provides a theoretically unbreakable encryption method.

A theoretical quantum computer that can simulate any quantum system efficiently. Significance: Would be able to solve problems intractable for classical computers, like simulating large quantum systems.

Developed the quantum Turing machine, formulating the theory of quantum computation. Significance: This work leads to the concept of the universal quantum computer.

Developed Grover's algorithm, which provides quadratic speedup for unsorted database search problems. Significance: Grover's algorithm is a staple example of quantum computing's potential speed advantage.

The use of quantum mechanisms, particularly quantum key distribution, to perform cryptographic tasks. Significance: Promises secure communication that is theoretically immune to eavesdropping.

The basic unit of quantum information, analogous to a bit in classical computing. Significance: Fundamental for quantum computation, with the ability to be in superpositions of states.

Introduced the concept of the photon, which plays a key role in quantum mechanics and quantum computing. Significance: Photons are now fundamental to quantum communication and quantum cryptography.

A theorem in quantum computing stating that it is impossible to create an identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. Significance: Fundamental to the understanding of quantum information theory.