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A quantum channel is a communication medium used to convey quantum information, typically through the state of photons or other particles. It requires physical infrastructure to preserve the delicate quantum states during transmission.

Quantum teleportation is a process by which the state of a qubit is transferred from one location to another, without the qubit itself moving through the intervening space. It involves entanglement and classical communication.

Quantum measurement is the process of observing a quantum system, causing it to collapse from a state of superposition to one of the possible eigenstates. This concept is crucial for quantum computation and quantum communication.

Quantum error correction involves encoding a qubit into a highly entangled state across multiple qubits to protect information from errors due to decoherence and other quantum noise. It employs redundancy and specific algorithms to detect and correct the errors.

A quantum router is a device that directs quantum signals over a network without destroying the quantum information they carry. It often employs quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping to function effectively.

Superdense coding is a quantum communication protocol that allows two classical bits of information to be transmitted by sending only one qubit, provided that the sender and receiver share an entangled qubit pair.

Quantum repeaters are devices used in quantum networks to extend the range over which entanglement can be distributed by using entanglement swapping and purification to combat decoherence and loss over long distances.

The E91 protocol is a quantum key distribution scheme that relies on quantum entanglement and Bell's inequality test to ensure security. It aims to detect the presence of an eavesdropper and establish a secret key between two parties.

QKD is a secure communication method which uses quantum cryptography to allow two parties to produce a shared random secret key that can be used to encrypt and decrypt messages. It relies on the principles of quantum mechanics to detect eavesdropping.

Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a pair or group of particles is generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently of the others, even when the particles are separated by a large distance.

BB84 is a quantum key distribution protocol that uses the polarization of photons to create a secret key between two parties. It is secure against eavesdropping as it employs the no-cloning theorem and detects interception by checking for disturbances in the key transmission.

Quantum cryptography is the science of exploiting quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best-known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which offers an information-theoretically secure solution to the key exchange problem.

Quantum network topologies refer to the layout patterns of interconnections among the various elements of a quantum network, such as nodes and channels. These topologies impact the routing of quantum information and the overall performance of the network.

The no-cloning theorem states that it is impossible to create an identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state. This theorem is a result of the linearity of quantum mechanics and is crucial for the security of quantum cryptography.

Decoherence refers to the loss of quantum coherence in quantum systems due to their interaction with the environment, causing a transition from quantum to classical behavior. It represents a major challenge for preserving quantum information in quantum networks.

Fiber-based quantum communication uses optical fibers to transmit quantum bits (qubits) between nodes on a quantum network. It typically employs photon polarization or phase to encode the quantum information and needs to overcome challenges like attenuation and noise.

Bell State Measurement is the process of measuring a quantum state involving two qubits to determine which of the four entangled Bell states it is in. This process is fundamental in quantum teleportation and entanglement swapping.

Entanglement swapping is a procedure where two quantum systems that have never interacted become entangled through the use of a third, previously entangled particle with one of the systems. This is a critical step in quantum repeaters.

Bell's theorem proves that no classical physical theory can reproduce all the predictions of quantum mechanics, particularly those concerning entangled particles and the violation of local realism. It has profound implications for quantum cryptography and quantum networking.