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Ductility is the ability of a material or structure to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which is critical for buildings in seismic zones to absorb and dissipate energy.

Performance-based design (PBD) is an engineering approach for seismic design which involves defining and achieving acceptable levels of performance under specific earthquake conditions.

Mass reduction in seismic design involves minimizing the weight of the structure where possible because the seismic forces that a building must resist are proportional to its mass.

Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs) are devices installed in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations by tuning a mass to the building's resonant frequency.

Sloshing tanks are large containers filled with liquid that absorb and dampen seismic energy through the sloshing action of the liquid, reducing the seismic force on the building structure.

Energy dissipation devices are added to structures to absorb and dissipate a portion of the earthquake input energy, thus reducing demand on the primary structural system.

Bracing of non-structural components ensures that elements like cladding, ceilings, partitions, and mechanical equipment remain in place and functional during and after a seismic event.

Soft story retrofitting strengthens the lower stories of a building, which are often less rigid due to large openings for windows or doors, to prevent collapse during strong seismic shaking.

Diaphragms are horizontal structural elements, like floors or roofs, that transfer lateral loads to the vertical resisting elements of the structure such as shear walls or frames.

Cross bracing, consisting of steel rods or cables, is used in a building's structural framing to increase its strength against lateral forces such as wind or seismic activity by forming a truss-like triangle.

Base Isolation involves the construction of a building on flexible bearings rather than directly on the ground, thus reducing the seismic forces transmitted through the structure.

Moment-resisting frames are designed to support building loads through rigid connections between beams and columns to resist both vertical and lateral loads, including seismic forces.

Seismic isolation bearings are devices that support a building's weight while decoupling the structure from lateral ground movement, mostly used in base isolation systems.

Pounding mitigation involves design strategies to prevent adjacent buildings from impacting each other during an earthquake, which can cause severe damage.

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) takes into account the effect of the building-foundation-soil system on the seismic response of the structure, influencing the design of the foundation and overall stability.

Seismic joints, also known as expansion or isolation joints, are gaps between building segments that allow independent movements during seismic events, reducing stress concentrations in the structures.

Seismic zoning involves categorizing land areas based on the likelihood and potential severity of seismic activity, which informs the rigor of building codes and design requirements.

Flexible pipes are used in the plumbing and utility connections of a building to allow for movement and prevent breakage or loss of utility during and after a seismic event.

Seismic damping reduces the amplitude of seismic vibrations through devices or techniques that absorb kinetic energy, thus limiting the movement and stress on a structure.