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Surveying Instruments
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Theodolite
A precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes.
Total Station
An electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying, combining a theodolite with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point.
Level
A surveying optical instrument that measures the height differences by using a telescopic sight to target a leveling rod.
Dumpy Level
A simpler type of a level, used to transfer, measure, or set horizontal levels.
Automatic Level
An optical leveling instrument that self-levels the line of sight and is used for establishing horizontal planes.
Transit
A type of theodolite that includes the feature of being able to flip over ('transit the telescope') to allow for the measurement of reverse angles, ensuring precision.
Prism
Used with electronic distance measuring instruments, a reflective prism is set on a surveying rod and used to deflect a distance measuring laser beam back to its source.
Plane Table
A device that provides a flat surface on which to draw a map, chart, or plan of the terrain being surveyed, directly in the field.
Chain
A series of connected metal links, or a tape used to make linear measurements, typically for surveying land.
Gunter's Chain
A specific 66-foot long chain that consists of 100 links, used historically for land measurement, particularly in the English-speaking countries.
Tacheometer
A telescopic instrument for the rapid measurement of distances, elevations, and bearings in topographical and cadastral surveying.
Alidade
A ruler or rule equipped with a small telescope; used on a plane table for establishing sight lines to survey points.
Plumb Bob
A weight with a pointed tip on the bottom that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb line.
Rod
A surveying instrument used for distance measurements that typically consists of a sturdy metal or wooden staff with graduations used with leveling instruments.
Clinometer
An instrument used for measuring angles of slope (or tilt), elevation, or depression of an object with respect to gravity.
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