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The horizontal angle between a reference direction, typically north, and the line from the observer to the feature of interest, used for defining directions.

An electronic/optical instrument used in modern surveying that integrates an electronic distance meter and an electronic theodolite for measuring angles and distances.

The slope of a road or railway, defined as the ratio of the rise in elevation to the horizontal length, usually expressed as a percentage.

The soil prepared to support a structure or pavement system, it is the foundation layer to which the pavement structure and loads are distributed.

The arrangement of the vertical and horizontal positioning of a transportation route, often including the design of curves and grades.

The linear distance measured along the survey baseline from a fixed start point, commonly used in the delineation of road centerlines and railway tracks.

The area from which rainfall is collected and drained through a particular river system or drainage network, influencing the design of drainage systems.

A curve in the horizontal plane designed to change the alignment or direction of a road or track, characterized by its radius and length.

A map or drawing indicating the land area owned by a transportation entity or required for transportation purposes, outlining the extent of the right of way.

A survey that takes into account the curvature of the Earth for high precision in establishing long-range baselines and benchmarks.

The process of applying a new layer of asphalt or concrete to existing pavement, which extends the life of a road by improving its surface.

A permanent reference point of known elevation used to determine other elevations during a survey, established with high precision.

A sequence of measured distances and angles used to establish positions of points in surveying, typically for establishing a network of control points.

A curve on the profile of a road or railway used to transition between different grades, ensuring a smooth change in the gradient.

A vertical or horizontal plane cut through the terrain or structure along a baseline, providing a “slice” of the ground or feature.

A precision optical instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes, historically used in triangulation networks.

A tool used to measure the area of an arbitrary two-dimensional shape on a map or plan, by tracing the perimeter.

An imaginary line on the ground's surface connecting points of equal elevation, used to represent terrain on maps.

A structure that allows water to pass beneath a road, railway, or trail, crucial for drainage and maintaining natural water courses.

The process of determining the elevation of points on the earth's surface relative to other points, essential for planning and constructing transportation infrastructure.

A method of determining positions of points by measurement of angles in a network of triangles, where one triangle's sides are well known.

The art and science of making accurate measurements by using photographs, commonly used for mapping and topographic surveys.

A reference surface of the Earth from which elevations are measured, critical for ensuring consistent and precise height information in surveying.

A legal right to pass through property owned by another, fundamental when designing and constructing transportation routes.

An angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system, the angle measured clockwise from a reference direction, usually north, to a point.

The length of roadway visible to a driver; a crucial factor in design for safety, allowing time to react to conditions or obstructions.

A term used to identify specific locations along a survey line, particularly in construction and transportation, marked by distances from a reference point.

A method of using electronic equipment to measure distances accurately, typically using lasers or radio waves.

A non-possessory right to use or enter onto the property of another without possessing it, essential for constructing utilities and roads.