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Unity is the design principle that provides a cohesive look to the garden by repeating similar elements or themes throughout the space.

Contrast in flower gardening can be achieved by juxtaposing plants with different characteristics, such as color, texture, or form, to create visual interest and focal points.

Rhythm creates a sense of movement in the garden, leading the eye from one aspect to another. It can be achieved by repeating forms, colors, or textures at intervals.

Scale refers to the relative size of plants and garden elements in relation to each other and to the overall garden space. Proper scale ensures that each element fits harmoniously within the context of the garden.

Balance in flower gardening involves creating a visually pleasing equilibrium. Symmetrical balance is achieved through mirroring planting on either side of a central axis, while asymmetrical balance uses different elements that have similar visual weight.

Color theory in the garden is utilized to create combinations that are visually pleasing. This involves understanding the color wheel — complementary, analogous, and monochromatic color schemes can all be used to enhance the garden's aesthetic.

Variety adds interest to the garden by incorporating different plant types, colors, textures, and shapes. However, it must be balanced with unity to prevent a disorganized appearance.

Layering creates depth and interest in the garden by positioning plants of different heights and sizes behind and in front of each other, often in a staggered fashion.

Texture in the context of gardening refers to the surface quality of plants which can be perceived visually or through touch. Varying textures between plants can enhance the sensory experience of the garden.

Focalisation is about directing attention to a particular point or area in the garden. Paths, color, unique plants, or garden ornaments can all serve as methods to focalize the viewer's gaze.

Emphasis involves creating a focal point in the garden that attracts attention. This can be a distinctive plant, a colorful flower bed, a piece of sculpture, or a water feature.

Harmony in flower gardening is the pleasant blend of different garden elements. This can be accomplished by using plants and materials that complement each other to create a serene and aesthetically pleasing environment.

Movement in flower gardening refers to the visual flow and dynamic aspects of the garden. This can be achieved through the use of grasses that sway with the wind, paths that meander, or the placement of flowers that attract pollinators.

Proportion in flower gardening dictates the ratio between different elements in the garden, ensuring that plants and garden structures are in harmony with each other regarding their size.