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Purpose: To find the Northwest Passage. Outcome: Explored the North American coast but did not find the passage; Cook was killed in Hawaii. Impact: Increased geographical knowledge of the Pacific Northwest.

Purpose: To expand French territory and scientific knowledge. Outcome: Circumnavigated the globe and made important contributions to European knowledge of the Pacific. Impact: Increased French influence in the Pacific, sparked interest in the region.

Purpose: To survey the northwest coast of North America. Outcome: Mapped the coast from California to Alaska; negotiated with the Spanish over Nootka Sound. Impact: His detailed mapping would become essential for future navigation and claims in the Pacific Northwest.

Purpose: To find a western passage to Asia and explore potential northern territories for France. Outcome: Explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and named Canada; misled to believe a Northwest Passage existed further north. Impact: Established a French claim in North America, although not Oceania, his voyages are vital in context of early European expeditions.

Purpose: To circumnavigate the globe and claim lands for Britain. Outcome: Claimed the Gilbert Islands for Britain; named the Islands of Disappointment. Impact: His voyage increased British presence in the Pacific and contributed to European exploration of the region.

Purpose: To explore the Australian coast for the Dutch East India Company. Outcome: First recorded European to land on the Australian continent. Impact: His voyages paved the way for further Dutch exploration in the region.

Purpose: To find a passage to the south of New Guinea. Outcome: Sailed through the strait which now bears his name between Australia and New Guinea. Impact: Finally confirmed that New Guinea was separate from the Australian landmass.

Purpose: To discover the Solomon Islands. Outcome: Discovered the Solomon Islands but failed to set up a permanent settlement. Impact: Added to European knowledge of Oceania and inspired further expeditions.

Purpose: To find the Great Southern Continent. Outcome: First circumnavigation of Antarctica and debunked the myth of Terra Australis. Impact: Improved nautical charts, expanded knowledge of subpolar regions.

Purpose: To discover profitable lands for the Dutch East India Company. Outcome: First European to reach Tasmania, New Zealand, and Fiji. Impact: Opened up new lands for European exploration and trade.

Purpose: To circumnavigate the globe and explore the Pacific. Outcome: Discovered Pitcairn Islands and Carteret Strait in Papua New Guinea. Impact: Expanded knowledge of the western Pacific and inspired future explorations.

Purpose: To conduct a scientific and political survey of the Spanish territories in the Pacific. Outcome: Comprehensive mapping of the west coast of the Americas and the South Pacific, gathered a vast amount of scientific data. Impact: The Malaspina expedition advanced the fields of oceanography, natural history, and ethnography in Oceania.

Purpose: To observe the transit of Venus across the sun and seek the Great Southern Continent. Outcome: Disproved the existence of Terra Australis Incognita at the latitudes explored. Impact: More accurate maps of the Pacific, increased European contact with Oceania.

Purpose: To find Terra Australis, the great southern continent. Outcome: Discovered several islands in the Pacific but did not find the continent. Impact: Helped to define the extent of the Pacific Ocean and dispel myths of an unknown southern continent.