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History of the Hawaiian Monarchy
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Kamehameha IV
Reign: 1855–1863; Advocated for public health and charity, established Queen's Hospital.
Kamehameha V
Reign: 1863–1872; Reinstated a new constitution that increased monarchical power and restored some Hawaiian traditions.
Wilcox Rebellion of 1889
Event: 1889; An unsuccessful revolt by Robert William Wilcox and his supporters against the Bayonet Constitution.
Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy
Event: 1893; Led to the end of the monarchy and eventually resulted in Hawaii's annexation to the United States in 1898.
Great Mahele
Event: 1848; Land redistribution that allowed private ownership of land and changed the traditional land tenure system in Hawaii.
Lunalilo
Reign: 1873–1874; Elected by the legislature and known for his democratic style and intention to form a more elected government.
Kamehameha III
Reign: 1825–1854; Longest-reigning Hawaiian monarch who oversaw the introduction of a constitutional monarchy.
Queen Emma
Monarch Consort: Married to Kamehameha IV, co-founded Queen's Hospital, and remained influential in promoting health and social welfare.
Kamehameha II
Reign: 1819–1824; Abolished the kapu system, resulting in significant social and religious changes.
Bayonet Constitution
Event: 1887; Forced upon King Kalākaua, it significantly reduced his powers and increased the influence of non-Hawaiian interests.
Kalākaua
Reign: 1874–1891; 'The Merrie Monarch', promoted Hawaiian culture and built Iolani Palace, faced bayonet constitution.
Kamehameha Day
Event: Started in 1871; An annual holiday that celebrates King Kamehameha I and serves to preserve Hawaiian culture.
Kamehameha I
Reign: 1810–1819; Unified the Hawaiian Islands and established the Kingdom of Hawaii.
Liliʻuokalani
Reign: 1891–1893; The last sovereign monarch of Hawaii, overthrown by American and European business interests and led to annexation by the US.
Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
Event: 1875; A trade agreement between the Kingdom of Hawaii and the United States which granted the US access to Pearl Harbor.
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