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The Jazz Language: Licks and Phrases

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Modal jazz

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Jazz that uses musical modes rather than chord progressions as a harmonic framework. Miles Davis and John Coltrane are key figures in this style.

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Sidewinder

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A classic jazz tune and also a term for a distinctive rhythm or riff. Lee Morgan is well-known for this composition.

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Locking in

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The ability of a rhythm section to play with a tight, unified time feel. Bassists like Ron Carter and drummers like Tony Williams are known for their ability to lock in.

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Counterpoint

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The combination of two or more independent melodies into a single harmonic texture, often heard in the works of pianist Bill Evans.

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Bird changes

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Chord progressions based on Charlie Parker tunes, which have become standards themselves. Examples include 'Confirmation' and 'Ornithology'.

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Latin jazz

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A style that combines jazz with Latin American rhythms and percussion instruments. Artists like Tito Puente and Dizzy Gillespie are important figures in Latin jazz.

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Bebop scale

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A scale that adds a chromatic passing tone to the mixolydian scale to create smooth 8th note lines. Artists like Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie are known for using this.

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Trading fours

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A practice where musicians alternate four-bar solos, commonly found in jazz. This technique has been used by many artists, including drummers Max Roach and Art Blakey.

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Rhythm changes

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Chord progressions based on the song 'I Got Rhythm' by George Gershwin, commonly used in jazz compositions. Artists like Lester Young and Sonny Rollins have explored variations.

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Cool jazz

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A style of jazz characterized by relaxed tempos and lighter tones. Artists such as Chet Baker and Dave Brubeck are examples of this style.

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Misty

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A jazz standard ballad with a memorable melody, composed by pianist Erroll Garner.

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Polyrhythm

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The use of two or more conflicting rhythms simultaneously, commonly used in African and Latin jazz. Drummers like Elvin Jones have employed this technique extensively.

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Flat five substitution

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A harmonic technique where the V chord in a ii-V-I is replaced by the bV chord. Wes Montgomery and John Coltrane have used this technique.

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Coltrane changes

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A chord progression using a pattern of major thirds, as seen in John Coltrane's compositions like 'Giant Steps'.

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Blues scale

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A scale that combines minor pentatonic with an additional blue note, essential in jazz improvisation. Artists like Cannonball Adderley and B.B. King have used it extensively.

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Swing feel

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A rhythm where eighth notes are played with a long-short pattern giving a feeling of swing. Count Basie and Duke Ellington bands exemplify the swing feel.

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Walking bass

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A style of bass playing in which each beat of a bar is a different note, creating a continuous quarter-note movement, a staple in the playing of bassists like Paul Chambers.

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Blue Note

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A slightly lowered pitch (usually the 3rd, 5th, or 7th) that gives jazz its characteristic sound, also the name of an iconic jazz label.

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ii-V-I

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The most common chord progression in jazz, used as a turnaround in many jazz standards. Artists associated with this include John Coltrane and Bill Evans.

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Comping

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Playing chords rhythmically to provide accompaniment and support the soloist. Frequently associated with pianists Bill Evans and guitarists like Freddie Green.

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Head

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The main theme or melody of a jazz tune, often played at the beginning and end. John Coltrane's 'Giant Steps' has one of the most famous heads.

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Octave playing

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A technique where the musician plays the same note in two separate octaves simultaneously, often used by guitarist Wes Montgomery.

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Chromatic approach

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A melodic technique that uses notes outside the prevailing chord or scale as a way of leading into target notes. Saxophonist Joe Henderson often used chromatic approaches in his solos.

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Hard bop

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An extension of bebop with influences from blues, gospel and rhythm and blues. Art Blakey and Horace Silver are prominent figures of this genre.

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Tritone substitution

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The use of a chord a tritone away from the original chord, usually applied to the V chord in a progression. This technique is commonly heard in solos by pianist Bud Powell.

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