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Music Production Terms

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DAW

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Digital Audio Workstation; a software application used for recording, editing, mixing, and producing audio files.

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Gain Staging

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The process of managing the volume levels of audio tracks to prevent distortion and noise throughout the recording and mixing process.

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Dry Signal

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An audio signal that has not been affected by any processing such as reverb, delay, or any other effect.

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Bit Depth

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The number of bits of information in each sample, which determines the resolution or accuracy of the audio signal.

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Direct Monitoring

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Listening to the input audio signals of the recording path directly before it passes through any digital processing or computer-based delay.

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Noise Floor

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The level of background noise in a recording or the level of the lowest intensity sound that a system can process.

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Automation

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The ability to programmatically control and change parameters such as volume, pan, and effects over time within a DAW.

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Foley

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The reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality.

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MIDI

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Musical Instrument Digital Interface; a protocol that allows musical instruments, computers, and other hardware to communicate and synchronize with each other.

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Monitor Speakers

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Loudspeakers used in audio production to provide a flat and accurate representation of the sound, allowing for better judgment of mix balance and fidelity.

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Wet Signal

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An audio signal that has been processed with effects like reverb or delay, providing a sense of space or added texture.

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Panning

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The distribution of a sound signal into a new stereo or multi-channel sound field; determining the apparent position of a sound within the stereo field.

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Dynamic Range

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The range between the quietest and the loudest sounds a system can produce without distortion.

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Mixing

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The process of combining several audio tracks together to form a stereo or surround sound field.

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Mastering

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The process of finalizing the audio project to ensure it sounds good on all playback systems and media formats.

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Condenser Microphone

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A type of microphone that uses a capacitor to convert acoustic energy into an electrical signal, typically requiring phantom power and providing high-quality reproduction.

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Compression

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The process of lessening the dynamic range between the loudest and quietest parts of an audio signal.

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Reverb

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Reverberation; the persistence of sound after the sound is produced, creating a sense of space and ambience in recordings.

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Transient

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The initial attack of a sound wave; the brief, high-energy burst at the beginning of a waveform.

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Bouncing

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The process of mixing multiple audio tracks into a final stereo or mono track, which is then exported to create a single audio file.

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Sidechain

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A technique that uses the output of one track to control the action of an effect, such as a compressor, on another track.

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Audio Interface

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A hardware device that connects microphones, instruments, and other audio equipment to a computer, converting analog signals to digital audio information.

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Sample Rate

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The number of samples of audio carried per second, measured in Hz or kHz; standard CD quality is 44.1 kHz.

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EQ

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Equalization; adjusting the balance between frequency components within an audio signal.

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Limiting

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The process of applying compression with a very high ratio, effectively preventing an audio signal from exceeding a certain level.

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AD/DA Conversion

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Analog-to-Digital/Digital-to-Analog Conversion; the process of converting analog signals to digital information and vice versa.

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Phantom Power

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A method of providing power through an audio interface or mixing console to condenser microphones and other equipment via the microphone cable.

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Latency

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The delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its transfer; noticeable as delay between input and auditory feedback.

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Patch Bay

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A panel with rows of sockets for routing audio through various equipment without the need to disconnect and reconnect cables every time.

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Signal Path

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The route an audio signal takes from the source through various processing stages and out to the recording medium or loudspeakers.

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